PART Ⅰ The Context of Second Language Teaching and Learning 1
CHAPTER 1 The Conceptual Basis of Second Language Teaching and Learning 3
Humanistic Education and Experiential Learning 3
Communicative Language Teaching 9
Learner-Centered Education 10
Negotiated Curricula 16
Task-Based Language Teaching 24
Conclusion 34
References 36
CHAPTER 2 The Empirical Basis of Second Language Teaching and Learning 38
Is Learning a Second Language Like Learning a First? 39
What Is the Role of Chronological Age on the Acquisition of a Second Language? 41
What Is the Effect of Instruction on Acquisiton? 42
What Is the Relationship Between Task Types/Modes of Classroom Organization and Acquisition 51
What Is the Relationship Between Learning Strategies and Acquisitions? 55
Conclusion 63
References 65
CHAPTER 3 From the Traditional to the Contemporary In Second Language Teaching and Learning 69
Stimuli for Change 70
Syllabus Design 72
Approach to Teaching 74
Roles of Learners 75
Approach to Language 77
Using Language Texts 78
Facilities for Learning 81
Approach to Learning 82
Classroom Organization 83
Assessment 84
Language Out of Class 87
Conclusion 88
References 91
PART Ⅱ Language,Learners,and the Learning Process 93
CHAPTER 4 Focus on Language 95
Grammar and Grammaticality 96
Vocabulary 101
Pronunciation 105
Metaphors for Language Development 107
Language as Discourse 113
Creating Cohesion 117
Making Sense 127
Speech Acts 131
Background Knowledge 131
Pedagogical Implications 137
Conclusion 142
References 144
CHAPTER 5 Focus on the Learner 148
Learner Needs 148
Learner Roles and Contributions 156
Learner Choices 164
Conclusion 166
References 169
CHAPTER 6 The Learning Process 171
What Are Learning Strategies? 171
Introducing Strategies in the Classroom 172
Learning Strategies and Tasks 182
Encouraging Learner Independence 192
Conclusion 193
References 194
PART Ⅲ Language Skills In Action 197
CHAPTER 7 Listening 199
Listening in Another Language 200
Research Into Listening 205
The Role of the Learner in the Listening Process 209
The Database for Listening Courses 212
Task Types 215
Conclusion 221
References 223
CHAPTER 8 Speaking 225
The Nature of Speaking 226
The Reluctant Learner 231
Task Difficulty 236
Course Design Issues 237
Pedagogical Tasks 240
A Sample Speaking Lesson 242
Conclusion 245
References 247
CHAPTER 9 Reading 249
Reading in Another Language 249
Research Into Reading 256
Task Types 262
Designing Reading Courses 266
Conclusion 268
References 269
CHAPTER 10 Writing 271
The Nature of the Writing Process 272
Functional Grammar and Writing 278
A Discourse-Based Approach to Writing 287
Contrastive Rhetoric 296
Conclusion 298
References 299
GLOSSARY OF LANGUAGE LEARNING TERMINOLOGY 301
APPENDICES 317
INDEX 326
文库索引 331