Index 1
Abstract 1
1．Introduction 4
1.1 General Introduction 4
1.2 Fundamentals of Physical Chemistry 7
1.2.1 Surface Tension and Surface Pressure 7
1.2.2 Phase Transition and State of Monolayers 8
1.3 Surface Properties of Lipids and Proteins 10
2．Theory 13
2.1 Penetration Thermodynamics 13
2.1.1 Analysis Based on Gibbs Equation 14
2.1.2 Analysis Based on Pethica s Equation 16
2.1.3 Analysis Based on Butler s Equation 20
2.2 Equation of State for Langmuir Monolayers of Amphiphilic MoleculesCapable of 2D Aggregation 22
2.3 Equations of State and Adsorption Isotherms for Proteins 27
2.4 Penetration Thermodynamics for Soluble Homologues 29
2.4.1 Generalised Szyszkowski-Langmuir Equation 30
2.4.2 Generalised Volmer Equation 31
2.5 Thermodynamics of Protein Penetration into Phospholipid Monolayers 35
2.6 Penetration Dynamics 38
3．Materials and Methods 41
3.1 Substances 41
3.1.1 Protein 41
3.1.2 Phospholipid 42
3.1.3 Dodecyl Dimethyl Phosphine Oxide(C12DMPO) 42
3.2 Setup 43
3.2.1 Wilhelmy Plate Method 43
3.2.2 Circular Trough 44
3.2.3 Brewster Angle Microscopy(BAM) 46
3.2.4 PM-IRRAS 47
3.2.5 Grazing Incidence X-ray Diffraction(GIXD) 49
4．Experimental Results 51
4.1 Brewster Angle Microscopy(BAM)Experiments 51
4.1.1 Pure DPPC 51
4.1.2 Pure Protein 53
4.1.3 3-Lactoglobulin Penetration into DPPC Monolayers 55
4.1.3.1 Penetration into Monolayers in the Liquid-Expanded or 55
Gaseous State 55
4.1.3.2 Penetration into Monolayers in the Two Phase Coexistence 62
Region 62
4.1.3.3 Penetration into Monolayers in the Condensed State 63
4.1.4.1 Penetration into Monolayers in the Liquid-Expanded State 64
4.1.4 β-Casein Penetration into DPPC Monolayers 64
4.1.4.2 Penetration into Monolayers in the Two Phase Coexistence 67
Region 67
4.1.4.3 Penetration into Monolayers in the Condensed State 68
4.2 PM-IRRAS Experiments 72
4.3 Thermodynamic Properties of DPPC-Protein Mixed Layer 78
4.4 GIXD Experiments 80
4.5 Penetration of Dodecyl Dimethyl Phosphine Oxide(C12DMPO)into DPPCMonolayers 83
5．Discussion 90
6．Conclusion 95
Bibliography 97
Publication 104
Acknowledgement 105
Curriculum Vitae 107