Unit One The Paragraph 1
Chapter 1 The Writing Process 2
导读 3
GETTING STARTED 7
Responding to an Image 7
Journal Writing 7
THE PROCESS OF WRITING 8
Prewriting:Generating Ideas 8
Brainstorming 9
Freewriting 9
Asking Wh-Questions 10
Clustering 11
Connect to the Internet 12
Planning 12
Drafting 12
Revision 12
Revising 12
Editing 13
Chapter 2 Introduction to the Paragraph 14
导读 15
GETTING STARTED 19
Responding to an Image 19
Journal Writing 19
WRITING:INTRODUCTION TO THE PARAGRAPH 20
The Paragraph 20
Narrowing the Topic 21
Connect to the Internet 24
The Topic Sentence 24
Focusing the Topic Sentence 26
Placing the Topic Sentence 27
Formulating the Topic Sentence 30
Support 31
Outlining 32
Unity 33
Coherence 36
COMPOSITION SKILLS 40
Sentence Parts 40
Clauses 40
Phrases 40
Fragments 41
Run-On Sentences and Comma Splices 42
Final Writing Assignment 43
Assignments from the Disciplines 43
Chapter 3 The Narrative Paragraph:Personal Reflections 44
导读 45
GETTING STARTED 49
Responding to an Image 49
Journal Writing 49
READING AND VOCABULARY 50
Readings:Personal Reflections 50
Reading 1:From"My American Journey"by Colin Powell 50
Reading 2:"The Best Part"by Mary Kay Mackin 51
Reading 3:"The Struggle to Be an All-American Girl"by Elizabeth Wong 53
Building Vocabulary:Guessing Meaning from Context 55
WRITING:NARRATION 57
Present Narration 57
Past Narration 60
Connect to the Internet 61
COMPOSITION SKILLS 61
Adverbial Expressions of Time and Sequence 61
Refining Grammar Skills:Adverbials of Time and Sequence,Prepositions in Time Expressions,Adverb Clauses of Time,The Simple Past,the Past Progressive,and the Past Perfect 62
Editing 62
Final Writing Assignment 63
Assignments from the Disciplines 63
Chapter 4 The Descriptive Paragraph:Important People,Important Places 64
导读 65
GETTING STARTED 71
Responding to an Image 71
Journal Writing 71
READING AND VOCABULARY 72
Readings:Important People,Important Places 72
Reading 1:"Uncle Kwok"by Jade Snow Wong 72
Reading 2:From"Beyond the Sun"by Tom Huth 74
Building Vocabulary:Using Similes and Metaphors 75
WRITING:DESCRIPTION 77
Describing a Place 78
Connect to the Internet 81
Describing a Person 81
COMPOSITION SKILLS 84
Adverbs of Place 84
Modifying with Specific Details 85
Adjective Clauses 86
Refining Grammar Skills:Order of Adjectives,Participial Adjectives,Prepositional Phrases of Place,The Simple Present Tense vs.The Present Progressive 88
Editing 88
Final Writing Assignment 89
Assignments from the Disciplines 89
Chapter 5 The Expository Paragraph:Media and Entertainment 90
导读 91
GETTING STARTED 97
Responding to an Image 97
Journal Writing 97
READING AND VOCABULARY 98
Readings:Media and Entertainment 98
Reading 1:"Jackie Chan"by Lee Server 98
Reading 2:"No Funny Business at Newbury Comics"by William M.Pride,Robert J.Hughes,Jack R.Kapoor 100
Building Vocabulary:Learning Word Forms 103
WRITING:EXPOSITION 105
The Topic Sentence in an Expository Paragraph 105
Supporting a Generalization 107
Specific Details 107
Examples 111
Illustrations and Anecdotes 114
Connect to the Internet 115
COMPOSITION SKILLS 116
Organization of Details and Examples 116
Order of Importance:Saving the Best for Last 116
Order of Familiarity:From the More Familiar to the Less Familiar 117
Order of Time:From the Past to the Present 117
Transitional Words and Phrases 119
Refining Grammar Skills:Definite and Indefinite Articles,The Present Perfect vs.The Simple Past 121
Editing 121
Final Writing Assignment 122
Assignments from the Disciplines 122
Unit Two The Essay 123
Chapter 6 Introduction to the Essay 124
导读 125
GETTING STARTED 131
Responding to an Image 131
Journal Writing 131
WRITING:INTRODUCTION TO THE ESSAY 132
The Thesis Statement 132
The Introduction 134
The Funnel Approach 135
The Developmental Paragraphs 138
Breaking Down a Topic 139
Drafting the Body of the Essay 142
The Conclusion 145
CoMPOSITION SKILLS 148
Outlining 148
Connect to the Internet 149
Final Writing Assignment 150
Assignments from the Disciplines 150
Chapter 7 The Example Essay:The Power of Culture and Language 151
导读 152
GETTING STARTED 156
Responding to an Image 156
Journal Writing 156
READING AND VOCABULARY 157
Readings:The Power of Culture and Language 157
Reading 1:"How Unwritten Rules Circumscribe Our Lives"by Bob Greene 157
Reading 2:"Americanization Is Tough on Macho"by Rose Del Castillo Guilbault 160
Building Vocabulary:Understanding Connotation and Denotation 163
Connect to the Internet 164
WRITING:EXEMPLIFICATION 165
Number of Examples 165
Choosing Fair Examples 167
Making Examples Complete 169
COMPOSITION SKILLS 171
Organization of Examples 171
Transitions Between Paragraphs 171
Transitions to Introduce Examples 172
Repeating Key Words and Phrases 174
Refining Grammar Skills:Noun Clauses,Gerunds and Infinitives 177
Editing 177
Final Writing Assignment 178
Assignments from the Disciplines 179
Chapter 8 The Comparison and Contrast Essay:Styles of Communication 180
导读 181
GETTING STARTED 187
Responding to Images 187
Journal Writing 187
READING AND VOCABULARY 188
Readings:Styles of Communication 188
Reading 1:"Conversational Ballgames"by Nancy Masterson Sakamoto 188
Reading 2:"Home Ground,Schoolyard:A Double Life"by Daria Muse 191
Building Vocabulary:Learning Synonyms and Antonyms 193
WRITING:COMPARISON AND CONTRAST 195
Points of Comparison 196
Emphasis on Comparison or Contrast 196
Patterns of Organization 197
Pattern A(Point-by-Point) 197
Pattern B(All of One/All of the Other) 199
Using the Two Patterns of Comparison and Contrast in Essays 199
COMPOSITION SKILLS 204
Transitions for Comparison and Contrast 204
Connect to the Internet 207
Refining Grammar Skills:Adverb Clauses of Comparison,Contrast,and Concession;Comparative Forms 209
Editing 210
Final Writing Assignment 210
Assignments from the Disciplines 211
Chapter 9 The Classification Essay:Marketing and Advertising 212
导读 219
GETTING STARTED 219
Responding to an Image 219
Journal Writing 219
READING AND VOCABULARY 220
Readings:Marketing and Advertising 220
Reading 1:"The Marketing Mix"by William Pride and O.C.Ferrell 220
Reading 2:"Motivation"by Charles Lamb Jr.,Joseph Hair Jr,and Carl McDaniel 224
Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Negative Prefixes 227
WRITING:CLASSIFYING 229
Principles of Classification 229
Making the Classification Complete 231
Connect to the Internet 231
Organizing the Classification Essay 232
Introducing Categories 232
COMPOSITION SKILLS 236
Introductory Paragraphs 236
The Turnabout 236
Transitions for Classification 237
Refining Grammar Skills:Adjective Clauses,Correlative Conjunctions 239
Editing 239
Final Writing Assignment 240
Assignments from the Disciplines 240
Chapter 10 The Process Analysis Essay:Success! 241
导读 242
GETTING STARTED 246
Responding to an Image 246
Journal Writing 246
READING AND VOCABULARY 247
Readings:Success! 247
Reading 1:"Ways to Change a Habit"by Dave Ellis 247
Reading 2:"The Environmental Transformation of Chattanooga,Tennessee"by G.Tyler Miller and Scott E.Spoolman 251
Building Vocabulary:Differentiating Multiple Meanings of a Word 253
WRITING:PROCESS ANALYSIS 256
Planning the Process Analysis Essay 256
Connect to the Internet 260
Organizing the Process Analysis Essay 260
COMPOSITION SKILLS 265
Introductory Paragraphs 265
The Dramatic Entrance 265
Coherence 266
Participial Phrases and Adverb Clauses 266
Refining Grammar Skills:Adverb Clauses of Purpose,Adverb Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases,Real Conditionals 267
Editing 267
Final Writing Assignment 268
Assignments from the Disciplines 268
Chapter 11 The Cause-and-Effect Essay:Academic Achievement 269
导读 270
GETTING STARTED 276
Responding to an Image 276
Journal Writing 276
READING AND VOCABULARY 277
Readings:Academic Achievement 277
Reading 1:"Surfing's Up and Grades Are Down"by Rene Sanchez 277
Reading 2:"The Growth of Early Childhood Education"by Eva L.Essa 281
Building Vocabulary:Understanding Phrasal Verbs 284
WRITING:CAUSE AND EFFECT 286
Multiple Causes with a Single Effect 286
Organizing the Causal Analysis Essay 289
The Thesis Statement for the Causal Analysis Essay 291
False Cause Reasoning 293
Connect to the Internet 294
Single Cause with Multiple Effects 294
Organizing the Effect Analysis Essay 296
The Thesis Statement for the Effect Analysis Essay 297
The Causal Chain 299
Introductory Paragraph:The Relevant Quotation 303
COMPOSITION SKILLS 305
Transitions and Expressions for Cause and Effect 305
Refining Grammar Skills:Articles with Quantifiers,Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns,Adverb Clauses of Cause and Result,Unreal Conditions 306
Editing 306
Final Writing Assignment 307
Assignments from the Disciplines 308
Chapter 12 The Argumentative Essay:Educational Excellence 309
导读 310
GETTING STARTED 316
Responding to an Image 316
Journal Writing 316
READING AND VOCABULARY 317
Readings:Educational Excellence 317
Reading 1:"The Excellent Inevitability of Online Courses"by Margaret Brooks 317
Reading 2:"Let's Put the Excellence Back in the A"by Elliott Miles 321
Building Vocabulary:Recognizing Collocations 324
WRITING:ARGUMENTATION 326
The Argumentative Thesis:Taking a Stand 327
The Opposition:Knowing What You Are Up Against 327
Supporting Your Points and Explaining Reasons 329
Connect to the Internet 330
Refuting and Conceding the Opposition 331
Organizing the Argumentative Essay 332
COMPOSITION SKILLS 334
The Introductory Paragraph 334
The Concluding Paragraph 335
Coherence Review 336
Refining Grammar Skills:Noun Clauses in Indirect Speech,Passive Voice 338
Editing 339
Final Writing Assignment 339
Assignments from the Disciplines 340
Unit Three Refining Grammar Skills 342
ADJECTIVES 346
Order of Adjectives 346
Participial Adjectives 347
ADVERBIALS 349
Prepositional Phrases of Place 349
Adverbials of Time and Sequence 350
Prepositions in Time Expressions 351
ARTICLES 353
The Indefinite Article:a,an,some 353
The Definite Article:the 354
Articles with Quantifiers 356
Articles with Count and Noncount Nouns 360
CLAUSES 361
Adjective Clauses 362
Adjective Clause Subordinators 362
Restrictive and Nonrestrictive Adjective Clauses 365
Adjective Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases 366
Adverb Clauses 369
Adverb Clauses of Time 369
Verb Tense in Adverbial Clauses of Time 371
Adverb Clauses of Comparison 372
Adverb Clauses of Contrast 372
Adverb Clauses of Concession 372
Adverb Clauses of Purpose 374
Adverb Clauses of Cause 375
Adverb Clauses of Result 377
Adverb Clauses Reduced to Participial Phrases 378
The Present Participle(verb+ing) 378
The Perfect Participle(having verb+ed) 378
The Passive Perfect Participle(having been+verb+ed) 378
Noun Clauses 380
Noun Clauses in Indirect Questions 381
Noun Clauses in Indirect Speech 382
Noun Clauses as Object of Prepositions 383
Subjunctive Noun Clauses 383
Verb+Subjunctive Noun Clauses 383
Adjectives+Subjunctive Clauses 384
COMPARATIVE FORMS 385
Indicators of Equality or Similarity 385
Indicators of Inequality 386
CONDITIONALS 389
Real Conditionals 389
Unreal Conditionals 390
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS 392
GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES 395
Gerunds and Infinitives as Subjects 395
Gerunds and Infinitives as Objects 396
Gerunds as Objects of Prepositions 399
PASSIVE VOICE 401
The Passive Voice vs.the Active Voice 401
The Passive Voice:Five Points to Review 402
VERB TENSE SYSTEM 404
The Simple Present vs.The Present Progressive 404
The Simple Present Tense 405
The Present Progressive Tense 406
The Simple Past,the Past Progressive,and the Past Perfect 408
The Simple Past Tense 408
The Past Progressive Tense 409
The Past Perfect Tense 409
Would+Verb and used to+verb 411
The Present Perfect vs.The Simple Past 411
The Present Perfect Tense 412
Time Words That Indicate the Present Perfect and Simple Past 413