Preface 1
1．Paradoxes of Translating 1
2．The Functions and Theories of Language 8
3．The Structures of Language 22
4．The Structures and Meaning of Lexemes 36
5．The Structures and Meaning of Syntax 53
6．The Structures and Meaning of Discourse 78
7．Language and Culture 105
8．Functional Equivalence 116
9．Translation Procedures 131
10．Theories of Translation 155
Bibliography 169
Index 183