Unit One How Does a Poem Work? 1
Section 1 Line Arrangement and Appreciation 2
Section 2 Words and Meanings 13
Section 3 Inversion and Foregrounding 27
Section 4 Recurrence and Patterning 39
Unit Two The Techniques of Verse 55
Section 1 Rhythm 56
Section 2 Meter 67
Section 3 Rhyme 78
Section 4 Sound 91
Unit Three Components of Poetry 103
Section 1 Speaker 104
Section 2 Setting 119
Section 3 Subject and Theme 130
Unit Four Sense of Poetry 141
Section 1 Abstraction and Concretion 142
Section 2 Image and Imagery 153
Unit Five Figurative Language 167
Section 1 The Literal and the Figurative 168
Section 2 Simile and Metaphor 176
Section 3 Personification 187
Section 4 Symbols 195
Section 5 Irony and Satire 204
Glossary of Poetic Terms 217
Key to Exercises 232
Bibliography 320