Introduction： The Argument and Its Audience 3
PART Ⅰ： RATIONALE 9
1 The Dilemma of Punishment 9
2 The Meaning of Punishment 17
Introduction, 17
A Preliminary Definition, 19
Punish-ment, Treatment, and Other Sanctions, 23
A Revised Defi-nition, 31
3 Justifications for Criminal Punishment 35
Introduction, 35
Retribution, 37
Utilitarian Prevention：Deterrence, 39
Special Deterrence or Intimidation, 45
Be-havioral Prevention： Incapacitation, 48
Behavioral Pre-vention： Rehabilitation, 53
Summary： The Limits of Pre-vention, 58
4 Toward an Integrated Theory of Criminal Punishment 62
5 Culpability and Conduct 71
Introduction, 71
Conduct as a Prerequisite, 73
The Prin-ciple of Legality, 79
The Allocation of Competences, 87
Vagueness, Strict Construction, and Preventive Detention, 91
6 Culpability and Excuses 103
Introduction, 103
The General Rationale of Excuses, 108
Necessity, 113
Apparent Necessity： The Role of "Mistake," 119
Strict Liability： Decline of "Mistake," 121
A Caveat on the Insanity Defense, 131
7 Proof and Proportionality 136
The Standard of Proof, 136
Proportionality and Punish-ment, 139
PART Ⅱ： PROCESS 149
8 Two Models of the Criminal Process 149
Introduction, 149
Values Underlying the Models, 154
9 The Models in Operation： From Arrest to Charge 174
Introduction, 174
Arrests for Investigation, 175
Detention and Interrogation After a "Lawful" Arrest, 186
Electronic Surveillance, 194
Illegally Secured Evidence, 198
Access to Counsel, 201
10 The Models in Operation： From Charge to Guilt Determination 205
The Decision to Charge, 205
Pre-Trial Detention, 210
The Plea of Guilty, 221
11 The Models in Operation： Review of Errors 227
Appeal, 228
Collateral Attack, 233
Access to Counsel： A Postscript, 236
12 The Trend and Its Impact： A Tentative Appraisal 239
PART Ⅲ： LIMITS 249
13 An Approach to the Problem of Limits 249
Introduction, 249
The Question of Alternatives, 251
Com-pensation and Regulation： The Case of Drunk Driving, 251
Treatment： The Case of Civil Commitment, 256
The Alternative of Doing Nothing, 258
Limits as a Problem of Resource Allocation, 259
14 The Search for Limits： Law and Morals 261
Immorality： A Necessary Condition, 261
Immorality： An Insufficient Condition, 264
"Harm to Others," 266
Goals of Punishment, 267
15 The Search for Limits： Profit and Loss 270
Remoteness and Triviality, 270
Crime Tariffs, 277
Ten-sions Between Police and Public, 282
Sporadic Enforce-ment, 286
Abuse of Discretion, 290
Assembly-Line Justice, 292
Covert Functions, 293
16 The Criteria Applied： Morals Offenses 296
The Criminal Sanction at Its Best, 296
Sex Offenses, 301
Bigamy and Incest： Two Imaginary Crimes, 312
The Sin of Obscenity, 316
Prostitution： Sin or Nuisance, 328
17 The Criteria Applied： Miscellaneous Offenses 332
The Control of Narcotics and Other Drugs, 332
Abortion：The Crime Tariff in Action, 342
Drunkenness： The Right to Be "Sick," 345
Gambling： The Case for Experimenta-tion, 347
The Businessman as Criminal, 354
Conclusion： Means and Ends 364
Bibliographical Note 369
Index 379