Ⅰ.THE HISTORICAL AND CONSTITUTIONAL BACKGROUND 1
1. Introduction 1
2. Why Regulate Broadcasting? 3
3. Five Legal Systems 10
（ⅰ）Great Britain 10
（ⅱ）France 13
（ⅲ）Germany 19
（ⅳ）Italy 24
（ⅴ）United States of America 28
Ⅱ.BROADCASTING FREEDOM 32
1. Broadcasting and Freedom of Speech 32
2. Freedom from State Control 34
3. Individual and Institutional Freedom 40
（ⅰ）Who exercises broadcasting freedom? 40
（ⅱ）Programme rights and internal broadcasting freedom 42
（ⅲ）Broadcasting freedom and labour law 45
4. The Rights of Viewers and Listeners 47
Ⅲ.PUBLIC BROADCASTING 50
1. Introduction 50
2. The Concept of Public Service Broadcasting 51
3. The Constitutional Position 56
4. Public Broadcasting Authorities 60
5. The Financing of Public Broadcasting 69
Ⅳ.PRIVATE BROADCASTING 75
1. Introduction 75
2. The Rights of Private Broadcasters 77
3. Licensing and Regulatory Authorities 81
4. The Licensing Process 85
（ⅰ）Applicants 85
（ⅱ）How licences are awarded 88
（ⅲ）Licence grants 92
5. Renewal and Withdrawal of Licences 94
Ⅴ.PROGRAMME STANDARDS 96
1. Introduction 96
2. Impartiality 100
3. The Range and Variety of Programmes 105
4. Indecency and Violence 111
5. Enforcement of Programme Standards 115
Ⅵ.COMPETITION LAW 121
1. Introduction 121
2. Constitutional Arguments 125
3. Accumulation and Other Rules 128
4. Cross-Media Ownership Rules 131
5. Exclusive Broadcasting Agreements 136
6. European Community Law 139
Ⅶ.ACCESS TO BROADCASTING 144
1. Introduction 144
2. Constitutional Access Rights 146
3. Legislative Rules 151
4. Rights of Reply and the Fairness Doctrine 157
5. Access to Cable 165
Ⅷ.ELECTION AND POLITICAL BROADCASTING 168
1. Introduction 168
2. Election Broadcasts 174
3. Other Political Broadcasts 181
4. News and Current Affairs Programmes 184
Ⅸ.ADVERTISING 188
1. The Role of Advertising 188
2. The Constitutional Position of Advertising 191
3. Advertising and the European Convention on Human Rights 196
4. Restrictions on Advertising 198
（ⅰ） General rules 199
（ⅱ） Time and frequency restrictions 201
（ⅲ） Restrictions on content 204
（ⅳ） Sponsorship 205
（ⅴ） Product placement 207
（ⅵ） Moral rights of authors 208
5. The Harmonization of Advertising Rules 210
Ⅹ.INTERNATIONAL AND EUROPEAN LAW 213
1. Introduction 213
2. International Law 215
3. The European Convention on Transfrontier Television 222
4. The European Communities Directive 229
Select Bibliography 237
Index 242