Chapter Ⅰ The Future of the Public Domain： An Introduction&P.Bernt Hugenholtz and Lucie Guibault 1
Chapter Ⅱ Challenges in Mapping the Public Domain&Pamela Samuelson 7
1.Introduction 7
2.Considering Criticisms of the Public Domain Map 9
3.Normative Reasons to Map the Public Domain 21
Chapter Ⅲ Economic Analysis of the Public Domain&Eli M.Salzberger 27
1.Introduction 27
2.Law and Economics and Intellectual Property 29
3.The Tragedy of the Commons Paradigm and the Positive Analysis of the Public Domain 33
4.The Incentives Paradigm and the Normative Analysis of the Public Domain 37
4.1.The Incentive Paradigm versus the Tragedy of the Commons 37
4.2.Alternatives to Intellectual Property within the Incentive Paradigm and their Effects on the Public Domain 42
5.Some Hidden Assumptions of the Traditional Law and Economics Analysis 45
5.1.Theories of Progress and the Evolution of Science 45
5.2.The State of Technology 47
5.3.The Arena - the Definition of Communities， Individuals and Time 50
6.Property Rights and the Public Domain Revisited 55
7.Conclusion 57
Chapter Ⅳ More or Better？ Shaping the Public Domain Michael D.Birnhack 59
1.Introduction 59
2.Speech： More or Better？ 64
2.1.Two Paradigms of Threats to Speech 64
2.2.First (Amendment) Principles 66
2.2.1.The Search for the Truth 67
2.2.2.Democracy 69
2.2.3.Participation 71
3.Expression： More or Better？ 73
3.1.Author-Based Theories 74
3.2.Instrumental Views of Copyright： The Economic Analysis 75
3.3.Markets 77
3.3.1.Quality 77
3.3.2.Quantity 79
3.4.The Democratic View of Copyright Law 79
4.The Public Domain and the Market 82
4.1.The Market and the Marketplace of Ideas 84
4.2.Democratic Views of Copyright and of Free Speech 85
5.Conclusion 86
Chapter Ⅴ Wrapping Information in Contract： How Does it Affect the Public Domain？&Lucie Guibault 87
1.Introduction 87
2.Contracts Relating to Public Domain Information 89
2.1.The Public Domain from a European Perspective 89
2.2.Contracts over Information Not or No Longer Qualifying 94
2.3.Contracts over Privileged Uses 97
3.Impact of Contractual Practices on the Public Domain 98
3.1.Legitimacy of Private Ordering 99
3.2.Effectiveness of Private Ordering 101
3.3.Symbolic Meaning 103
4.Conclusion 104
Chapter Ⅵ The Public Domain Commodified： Technological Measures and Productive Information Use&Kamiel J.Koelman1.Commodi 105
1.Cation and the Public Domain 105
2.Rhetoric 106
3.Control over Use 108
4.Control over Information 110
5.Economic Valuation 111
6.Regulation 115
7.Freedoms of Expression and Information 117
8.Conclusion 119
Chapter Ⅶ Copyright， Commodification， and Culture： Locating the Public Domain&Julie E.Cohen 121
1.Commodification and the Public Domain： Four Puzzles 121
2.The Construction of the Public Domain： A Brief History of an Idea 124
2.1.From Public Property and Publici Juris to Public Domain 125
2.2.Public Domain， Public Property， and Publici Juris in Nineteenth-Century US Law 127
2.3.The Public Domain in Contemporary Copyright Law 132
2.4.The Four Puzzles Revisited 135
3.The Common in Culture： Toward a Social Theory of Creative Practice 137
3.1.Cultural Mechanics 138
3.2.Cultural Biology 141
3.3.Cultural Anthropology 143
3.4.Notes Toward a Sociology of Creative Practice 146
4.The Public Domain (and Commodification) Reconsidered 157
4.1.From the Public Domain to the Cultural Landscape 157
4.2.Recognizing the Cultural Landscape 160
4.3.The Postcolonialist Critique 165
5.Conclusion 166
Chapter Ⅷ Database Protection： The Commodification of Information&Mark Davison 167
1.An Overview of the Directive 168
1.1.More than Just Copyright 169
1.2.Case Law relating to the Directive 170
2.The History of the Directive and American Proposals 172
2.1.The Directive 173
2.2.The American Proposals 174
2.2.1.The Current Proposal 175
2.2.2.Why the Differences do not Matter 176
2.2.2…And Why They do Matter 179
3.Lessons from the EU and American Processes 180
3.1.Eliminating References to ‘Qualitative’ Investment in and ‘Qualitatively’ Substantial Parts of Databases 181
3.2.Ensuring Maximum and Uniform Implementation of Exceptions 181
3.3.Copyright Exemption for Downloading Data 182
3.4.Altering the Provisions in Respect of the Duration of Protection to Ensure Data Falls into the Public Domain after 15 Years 182
3.5.Application of Antitrust Generally 183
3.6.Rights Over the Contents of Databases 183
4.Notion and Role of the Public Domain in the Context of Information Law and Policy 184
4.1.Open Warfare 185
4.1.1.Symbolism and the Battle of Ideas 185
4.1.2.Independent Watchdogs 187
5.Conclusion 188
Postscript 188
Chapter Ⅸ Patenting Science： Protecting the Domain of Accessible Knowledge&Graeme B.Dinwoodie and Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss 191
1.The Nature of the Debate 192
1.1.What Counts as Public？ 193
1.2.Does Access Matter？ 194
1.3.Is the Domain of Accessible Knowledge Shrinking？ 196
1.4.Are there Constraints on Reform？ 204
2.Protecting the Domain of Accessible Knowledge 209
3.Mapping the International Domain of Accessible Knowledge 218
4.Conclusion 221
Chapter Ⅹ Property and Privacy： European Perspectives and the Commodification of our Identity&Corien Prins 223
1.Introduction 223
2.Background 226
3.Privacy and Property： ‘Ownership’ Models on the Internet 228
4.Establishing a Property Right in Personal Data 230
5.Property Rights and Human Rights 234
5.1.Property， Privacy and Personality 237
5.2.Property， Human Dignity and the Human Body 239
5.3.Contractual Freedom and Human Rights 241
6.Contractual Freedom， Control Rights and the EU Personal Data Directive 242
7.Reflections on Property in Personal Data 246
8.The Costs of a Property Rights Approach 251
9.Commodification of Personal Data， Identities and the Public Domain 253
10.Conclusion 257
Chapter Ⅺ Towards an Indigenous Public Domain？&Brad Sherman and Leanne Wiseman 259
1.Introduction 259
2.IP Protection and Indigenous Creations 261
3.Impact of Extending IP Protection to Indigenous Creations 265
4.Reconfiguring the Public Domain in the Interest of Indigenous 267
Cultures 267
Chapter Ⅻ The Commercialization of Public Sector Information： Delineating the Issues&Mireille van Eechoud 279
1.Delineating the Field 280
1.1.Definition of Public Sector 280
1.2.Types of Government Information 281
2.Overview of Market-Oriented Tendencies 283
2.1.Decentralization 283
2.2.Privatization 284
2.3.Public Private Partnerships 285
3.Policy Instruments Affecting Access 289
3.1.Intellectual Property 289
3.2.Freedom of Information 290
3.3.Information Registers&Publication Schemes 292
3.4.Fair Information Practice Policies 293
3.5.United States OMB Circular A-130 293
3.6.The Netherlands Instructions on Market Activity by Public Sector Bodies 295
3.7.United Kingdom’s Information Fair Trader Scheme 297
3.8.Pricing Strategies 298
4.Conclusion 300
Chapter ⅩⅢ Free and Open Source Software： An Answer to Commodification？&Maurice Schellekens 303
1.Introduction 303
2.What is Open Source？ 304
3.Is Open Source an Answer to Commodification？ 309
3.1.Open Source， Public Domain and Commodification 309
3.1.1.The Persistence of the GPL 311
3.1.2.The End of Copyright as We Know It？ 315
3.1.3.Technical Protection and Open Source 316
3.2.Other Types of Information than Software 318
3.3.The Role of Government in Open Source 319
3.4.Conclusion 322
Chapter ⅩⅣ Exploring Creative Commons： A Skeptical View of a Worthy Pursuit&Niva Elkin-Koren 325
1.Introduction 325
2.Ideology and Strategy 326
2.1.What is Wrong with the Current Copyright Regime？ 327
2.2.Creative Remedy： A Licensing Platform 329
2.3.Ideological Fuzziness 332
3.Empowering Owners to Govern Their Own Works 334
4.Private Ordering and Public Welfare 339
5.Proliferation of Licenses and Barriers on Access 341
6.Conclusion 344
Workshop Discussions Roy Melzer and Lucie Guibault 347
Introduction 347
DAY I 349
Plenary Session 349
Session Ⅰ 352
Session Ⅱ 356
Session Ⅲ 360
DAY Ⅱ 361
Session Ⅳ 361
Session Ⅴ 368
Session Ⅵ 371
About the Contributors 373