Section Ⅰ Elementary The Scientific Approach to Crime Detection 1
Chapter 1 Forty Years of Distinguished Scientific Assistance to Law Enforcement 2
The Formative Years, 2
Specialization, 3
Document Section, 4
Physics and Chemistry Section, 5
Micro-scopy, 5
Serology, 6
Mineralogy, 6
Chemistry-Toxi-cology, 7
Firearms, Toolmarks, and Explosives, 7
Metallurgy, 7
Instrumental Analysis, 7
Neutron Acti-vation, 8
Cryptanalysis-Gambling-Translation Section, 8
Radio Engineering Section, 9
The Impact, 10
Chapter 2 The Investigative Process, James W. Osterburg 12
Investigation as a Process for the Study of the Past, 12
Physical Evidence, 14
Records as a Source of Informa-tion, 16
People as a Source of Information, 19
Criminal Investigation-Art or Science, 23
References, 24
Chapter 3 What the Bones Tell-Today, Dr. T. D. Stewart 26
Better Estimates of Stature, 26
New Formulas, 27
Bet-ter Estimates of Age, 28
A New Scheme Offered, 28
Tooth Structure and Age, 30
Better Estimates of Sex, 30
Better Estimates of Race, 32
General, 32
Refer-ences, 34
Chapter 4 Landmarks and Hallmarks in Scientific Evidence, Edwin Conrad, J.D., M.A. Introduction, 37
The Quest of Diogenes, 37
The Myth of Frye, 38
The Coppolino Criterion, 39
Summary, 40
References, 41
Section Ⅱ The Scene of the Crime: The Officer's View 43
Chapter 5 Identification and the Forensic Pathologist, Geoffrey T. Mann, M.D., and Hobart R. Wood, M.D. 45
Complexion, 46
Likeness of Features, 46
Occupation Marks, 46
Clothes, etc., 47
Deformities, Birth Marks,etc., 47
Injuries, Scars, Tattoos, 47
Finger Printing, 47
Stature and Weight, 48
Sex, 48 Age, 48
Teeth and Dentures, 49
Hair, 49
Conclusion, 49
Chapter 6 Physical Evidence Utilization in the Administration of Criminal Justice, Brian Parker and Joseph Peterson 50
The Nature of Proof by Physical Means in Criminal Matters, 50
The "Crime" Laboratory as a Subsystem in the Criminal Justice System, 51
Results, 54
Chapter 7 Collection and Preservation of Scientific Evidence 59
Weapons of Attack, 61
Clothing, 61
Firearms Identi-fication, 61
Blood Stains, 62
Seminal Stains, 62
Fingernail Scrapings, 62
Hair, 62
Fibers, Threads, Tex-tiles, Twines, Cord, Rope, 63
Drugs and Poisons, 63
Chapter 8 The Location of Hidden Objects, Barry J. Blain 65
Kinds of Search, 65
Equipment, 66
A New Service, 66
Searches, 67
Any Takers?, 68
Section Ⅲ Crime Detection and Scientific Techniques 71
Chapter 9 The Investigation of Deaths Due to Drowning,W. M. Jennings, M.D. 72
External Signs of Acute Drowning, 73
Internal Signs, 73
References, 75
Chapter 10 Statistical Features of Rape, Arthur Frederick Schiff, M.D. 77
Place and Population, 78
Results and Discussion, 79
Summary, 83
References, 84
Chapter 11 Breath Testers 85
Chapter 12 The Kennedy Assassination: Hairs and Fibers 88
General Principles, 88
Chapter 13 Checlass: A Classification System for Fraudulent Checks, E. H. W. Schroeder 94
Descriptions of Classifications, 95
Rules for Classifica-tion, 104
Results, 104
Summary, 104
References, 106
Chapter 14 Disguised Handwriting: A Statistical Survey of How Handwriting Is Most Frequently Disguised, Edwin F. Alford, Jr. 107
Methods, 108
Results, 109
Summary, 118
Chapter 15 Tool Marks: An Aid in the Solution of Auto Lar-cenies, Susan M. Komar 119
Chapter 16 Fingerprinting: A Story of Science vs. Crime 124
Surveillance and Apprehension, 125
Before Scientific Methods, 126
Latent Fingerprints, 126
Henry Classi-fication System, 127
Valuable Fingerprint Collection, 128
Statistics, 128
Investigation of Plane Crash, 129
Attempt to Change Pattern, 130
Science and Law En-forcement, 131
Promise for the Future, 132
Chapter 17 The Kennedy Assassination: Wound Ballistics Ex-periments 134
Purpose of the Tests, 134
The Testers and Their Quali-fications, 134
General Testing Conditions, 135
Tests on Penetration Power and Bullet Stability, 135
Tests Simulating President Kennedy's Neck Wound, 136
Tests Simulating Governor Connally's Chest Wounds, 137
Tests Simulating Governor Connally's Wrist Wounds, 138
Conclusions from Simulating the Neck, Chest, and Wrist Wounds, 139
Tests Simulating Presi-dent Kennedy's Head Wounds, 140
Chapter 18 The Role of Criminalistics in White-Collar Crimes, Quon Y. Kwan, Ponnusamy Rajeswaran, Brian P. Parker, and Menachem Amir 142
The Etiology of Criminalistics and White-Collar Crimes, 144
Food and Drug Violations, 147 False Advertising, 152
Tax Evasion, 155
Insurance Frauds, 157
Ques-tioned Documents, 160
Conclusion, 161
References, 161
Section Ⅳ The Computer: Its Role and Potential in Criminal Justice 163
Chapter 19 A Simple Tool for Complex Problems, Robert P. Shumate 165
Chapter 20 Criminal Justice Information Systems, President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Admin-istration of Justice 177
The Need for Better Information Capabilities, 177
Gen-eral Configuration of an Integrated Criminal Justice In-formation System, 182
Immediate Response Inquiry Systems, 185
Handling Personal Information, 192
Management Information, 200
Chapter 21 NCIC-A Tribute to Cooperative Spirit 202
Increased Usage, 203
Maintaining Accurate Files, 206
Successful "Hits", 206
CCH File Developed, 207
Centralized Operation, 208
In the Last Analysis, 209
Keeping Files Confidential, 210
Technological Ad-vances, 211
Chapter 22 Data Processing in the Criminal Justice System, Carroll R.Hormachea 212
References, 217
Section Ⅴ Electronics and Criminal Investigation 219
Chapter 23 Bank Surveillance Cameras 221
For Best Results, 222
Identifying the Suspect, 223
Reference Points, 224
Legal Evidence, 226
Chapter 24 Identification of Suspects by the Voiceprint Tech-nique, Ernest W.Nash and Oscar I.Tosi, Ph.D. 227
Technology Development, 228
Description of Innova-tion, 229
General Application, 229
Chapter 25 Privacy of Voice Communication, Robert L.Carl-son, J.M.Tellez, and W.L.Schreiber 231
Analog Voice Privacy System, 233
Digital Voice Privacy Systems, 235
Section Ⅵ The Promise of the Future 239
Chapter 26 Security Needs Science, Jon Hawington 241
Chapter 27 A National Criminalistics Research Program, Charles R.Kingston, D.Crim. 244
Introduction, 244
General Goals of the Research Pro-gram, 246
State of the Art, 247
Current Project Areas, 250
Proposed Project Areas, 252
Conclusions, 258
References, 259
Chapter 28 X-Ray Standards for Law Enforcement, Charles N.Smith 261
Subjects, 261
Use Modes, 262
Contents of the Stan-dards, 262
Closing Comment, 262
Chapter 29 Modern Methods Solve Crimes, Foil Crooks 264
Index 269