CHAPTER 1 Introduction： Themes in the Study of Life 1
UNIT ONE THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE 7
CHAPTER 2 The Chemical Context of Life 7
CHAPTER 3 Water and Life 14
CHAPTER 4 Carbon and the Molecular Diversity of Life 20
CHAPTER 5 The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules 24
UNIT TWO THE CELL 33
CHAPTER 6 A Tour of the Cell 33
CHAPTER 7 Membrane Structure and Function 44
CHAPTER 8 An Introduction to Metabolism 51
CHAPTER 9 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 59
CHAPTER 10 Photosynthesis 67
CHAPTER 11 Cell Communication 76
CHAPTER 12 The Cell Cycle 83
UNIT THREE GENETICS 89
CHAPTER 13 Meiosis and Sexual Life Cycles 89
CHAPTER 14 Mendel and the Gene Idea 96
CHAPTER 15 The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 105
CHAPTER 16 The Molecular Basis of Inheritance 113
CHAPTER 17 From Gene to Protein 120
CHAPTER 18 Regulation of Gene Expression 129
CHAPTER 19 Viruses 140
CHAPTER 20 Biotechnology 145
CHAPTER 21 Genomes and Their Evolution 155
UNIT FOUR MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION 163
CHAPTER 22 Descent with Modification：A Darwinian View of Life 163
CHAPTER 23 The Evolution of Populations 169
CHAPTER 24 The Origin of Species 176
CHAPTER 25 The History of Life on Earth 182
UNIT FIVE THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY 189
CHAPTER 26 Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 189
CHAPTER 27 Bacteria and Archaea 196
CHAPTER 28 Protists 203
CHAPTER 29 Plant Diversity Ⅰ： How Plants Colonized Land 210
CHAPTER 30 Plant Diversity Ⅱ： The Evolution of Seed Plants 217
CHAPTER 31 Fungi 223
CHAPTER 32 An Overview of Animal Diversity 229
CHAPTER 33 An Introduction to Invertebrates 234
CHAPTER 34 The Origin and Evolution of Vertebrates 243
UNIT SIX PLANT FORMAND FUNCTION 253
CHAPTER 35 Plant Structure， Growth， and Development 253
CHAPTER 36 Resource Acquisition and Transport in VascularPlants 262
CHAPTER 37 Soil and Plant Nutrition 269
CHAPTER 38 Angiosperm Reproduction and Biotechnology 275
CHAPTER 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals 282
UNIT SEVEN ANIMAL FORMAND FUNCTION 291
CHAPTER 40 Basic Principles of Animal Form and Function 291
CHAPTER 41 Animal Nutrition 298
CHAPTER 42 Circulation and Gas Exchange 305
CHAPTER 43 The Immune System 317
CHAPTER 44 Osmoregulation and Excretion 327
CHAPTER 45 Hormones and the Endocrine System 337
CHAPTER 46 Animal Reproduction 345
CHAPTER 47 Animal Development 355
CHAPTER 48 Neurons， Synapses， and Signaling 363
CHAPTER 49 Nervous Systems 370
CHAPTER 50 Sensory and Motor Mechanisms 377
CHAPTER 51 Animal Behavior 388
UNIT EIGHT ECOLOGY 395
CHAPTER 52 An Introduction to Ecology and the Biosphere 395
CHAPTER 53 Population Ecology 403
CHAPTER 54 Community Ecology 410
CHAPTER 55 Ecosystems and Restoration Ecology 418
CHAPTER 56 Conservation Biology and Global Change 424
ANSWER SECTION 431