1.An Introductory Overview&Keith Steele, Freehill Hollingdale ＆ Page (Sydney) 1
1.Procedures 4
2.Substance 4
Appendix Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 7
2.Australia&Daniel Moulis, Freehill Hollingdale ＆ Page (Canberra) 35
1.Legislative Scheme 35
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 36
3.Practice and Procedure 37
3.1 An Outline of the Process of Investigation 37
3.2 Standing 42
3.3 Evidentiary Matters 43
3.4 Representation, Submissions and Hearings 46
4.Substantive Rules 47
4.1 Local Content and Industry Definitions 47
4.2 Like Goods 49
4.3 Origin Rules 49
4.4 Normal Value Determination 49
4.5 Export Price Determination 55
4.6 Due Allowances 56
4.7 Dumping Analysis 57
4.8 Material Injury Determination 58
4.9 Causation and Threat 59
4.10 Cumulation 61
4.11 Circumvention 62
5.Duty Imposition 63
5.1 Provisional Measures 63
5.2 Final Measures 64
5.3 Price Undertakings 64
5.4 Non-injurious Prices 65
5.5 Duration 65
6.Review 65
6.1 Administrative 65
6.2 Judicial 66
7.Country Usage Profile 66
7.1 Australian Anti-dumping Statistics 66
7.2 Products Currently Subject to Dumping Duties 67
7.3 Current Trends and Looking Ahead 69
3.Canada&Ronald C.Cheng, Osler, Hoskin ＆ Harcourt (Ottawa) 73
Introduction 73
1.Overview of Canadian Trade Remedies Legislation (Scheme and Administration) 75
2.Practice and Procedure 76
2.1 Initiation of Investigation into Dumping 76
2.2 Conduct of the Investigation into Dumping or Subsidy 81
2.3 Application of Provisional Measures 84
2.4 Price Undertakings 85
2.5 Determination of Injury 87
2.6 Cumulation 91
3.Public Interest Submissions 91
4.Final Duties 92
4.1 Imposition, Payment and Refund of Duties 92
4.2 New Exporters 92
5.Circumvention Provisions 93
6.Duration and Review of Duties 93
7.Judicial Review and Review under the NAFTA 94
8.Conclusion 94
4.The European Union&Frank Montag and Andre Fiebig, Deringer Tessin Herrmann ＆ Sedemund (Brussels) 97
1.Introduction 97
2.Administration of the New Rules 98
3.Practice and Procedure 99
3.1 Initiation of Proceedings 99
3.2 Evidence 100
3.3 Interested Parties 102
3.4 Time Limits 103
3.5 Termination of Proceedings 103
4.Substantive Rules 104
4.1 Determination of Dumping 105
4.2 Determination of Injury 111
5.The Imposition of Duties 114
5.1 Provisional Measures 114
5.2 Definitive Duties 115
5.3 Community Interests 115
5.4 Anti-Circumvention Rules 116
6.Reviews 117
6.1 Administrative Review 117
6.2 Judicial Review 118
7.Evaluation 119
5.Japan&Shintaro Hagiwara, Shiba International Law Offices (Tokyo) 121
1.Legislative Scheme 121
1.1 Previous Japanese Anti-dumping Laws 121
1.2 Amendments to Implement the New Anti-dumping Code 121
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 122
3.Practice and Procedure 122
3.1 Application for Anti-dumping Duties 122
3.2 Commencing and Notifying Investigations 123
3.3 Time Limits 123
3.4 Questionnaires and Verifications 123
3.5 Submissions of Questionnaire Responses 124
3.6 Preliminary Findings-Form, Content and Standard of Satisfaction 124
3.7 Hearings-Nature and Format 124
3.8 Confidentiality 125
3.9 Representation and Evidence 125
3.10 Final Determination 125
4.Substantive Rules 126
4.1 Local Industry 126
4.2 Like Products 127
4.3 Normal Value Determination 127
4.4 Export Price 129
4.5 Due Adjustments and Allowances 129
4.6 Dumping Analysis 130
4.7 Material Injury Determination 130
4.8 Causation 130
4.9 Cumulation 130
4.10 Circumvention 131
5.Duty Imposition 131
5.1 Provisional Measures 131
5.2 Final Duties 131
5.3 Definitive and Provisional Measures-Points in Common 132
6.Review 133
6.1 Administrative Review under the Japanese Anti-dumping Law 133
6.2 Judicial Review 133
7.Country Usage Profile 134
6.Korea&Doo Woo Seo, Bae, Kim ＆ Lee (Seoul) 135
1.Introduction 135
2.Basic Principle and the Competent Authorities 136
3.Substantive Rules 137
3.1 Dumping 137
3.2 Material Injury 139
4.Procedural Aspects 142
4.1 Initiation of Proceedings 142
4.2 Preliminary Investigations 143
4.3 Provisional Measures 143
4.4 Final Investigations 144
4.5 Undertaking 144
4.6 Withdrawal of the Petition 146
4.7 Collection of, and Access to, Information 146
4.8 Imposition of Anti-dumping Duties 147
4.9 Administrative Review 150
4.10 Sunset Provision 151
4.11 Judicial Review 151
4.12 Others 151
5.Concluding Remarks 151
7.Mexico&Ernesto Duhne Backhauss, Santamarina y Steta (Mexico City) 155
1.Legislative Scheme 155
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 155
3.Practice and Procedure 156
3.1 The Investigation 156
3.2 De minimis 161
3.3 Final Determination 162
3.4 Circumvention 162
4.Substantive Rules 163
4.1 Local Industry 163
4.2 Dumping Determination 164
4.3 Material Injury Determination 166
4.4 Cumulation 168
5.Duty Imposition 169
5.1 Classification of Anti-dumping Duties 169
5.2 The Sunset Period 169
6.Review 170
6.1 Procedure 170
7.Country Usage Profile 171
8.A NAFTA Perspective&Peter A.Magnus, Smith Lyons (Ottawa) 173
1.Introduction 173
2.Dispute Resolution under the New GATT Anti-Dumping Code 174
2.1 The Anti-Dumping Code 174
2.2 WTO Dispute Settlement 175
3.Dispute Settlement under the NAFTA 176
3.1 NAFTA Regime of Binational Panel Reviews of Dumping Determinations 177
3.2 Experience to Date with the Binational Panel Review Process 178
3.3 Lessons from the Canada/US Softwood Lumber Dispute 180
4.Alternatives to Anti-dumping 183
5.Conclusion 184
9.New Zealand&Robert Fardell, Russell McVeagh McKenzie Bartleet ＆ Co (Auckland) 185
1.Legislative Scheme 185
1.1 Statutory Regime for Dumping-Summary 185
1.2 Temporary Safeguard Authorities Act 1987-Summary 186
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 187
3.Practice and Procedure 188
3.1 The Anti-Dumping Code and the Uruguay Round 188
3.2 Filing of Complaint 188
3.3 General Comments on the Content of a Dumping/Countervailing Complaint 190
3.4 Notification 191
3.5 Preliminary Findings 192
3.6 Hearings and Evidence 192
3.7 Confidentiality 194
3.8 Final Determination 194
4.Substantive Rules 195
4.1 Local Industry 195
4.2 Like Goods 195
4.3 Imported Goods-Origin Rules 195
4.4 Normal Value Determination 197
4.5 Export Price 198
4.6 Dumping Analysis 198
4.7 Material Injury 199
4.8 Causation 200
4.9 Cumulation 202
4.10 Circumvention 202
5.Duty Imposition 204
5.1 Provisional Measures 204
5.2 Final Duties 204
6.Review 205
7.Country Usage Profile 206
7.1 History of New Zealand's Dumping Legislation 206
7.2 Use of Anti-dumping Laws in the Past 207
7.3 Government Attitude to Dumping 210
7.4 Factors Relevant to Continuing Usage of Anti-dumping Action 210
10.South Africa&Leora Blumberg, Webber Wentzel Bowens (Johannesburg) 213
1.Introduction and Legislative Scheme 213
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 214
3.Practice and Procedure 216
4.Substantive Rules 220
5.Duty Imposition 223
6.Review of Anti-dumping Duties 225
7.Country Usage Profile 226
8.Conclusion 226
11.Taiwan&Sui-Yu Wu, Perkins Coie (Taipei) 227
1.Is Taiwan an "Outcast" of the Code? 227
2.An Overview of Taiwan's Anti-dumping Regime 231
2.1 The Complaint 232
2.2 Evaluation of Complaint 234
2.3 Investigation 235
2.4 Normal Value 240
2.5 Export Price 244
2.6 Comparison between Normal Value and Export Price 245
2.7 Injury Determination 245
2.8 The MOF's Findings 246
2.9 Price Undertaking 247
3.A Higher Horizon-the New Code 248
3.1 The 5％ Rule on the Viability of Domestic Sales 248
3.2 Constructed Value 249
3.3 Sales to Third Country 249
3.4 Fair Comparison 249
3.5 Rule of Cumulation 250
3.6 Domestic Industry 250
3.7 De Minimis Dumping Margin and Import Volume 251
3.8 Timely Disclosure 251
3.9 Sampling 251
3.10 Provisional Measures 251
3.11 Price Undertakings 252
3.12 Definitive Duties 252
3.13 Review 253
3.14 Sunset Clause 253
3.15 Disclosure 254
12.The United States&N David Palmeter, Graham ＆ James (Washington, D.C.) 261
1.Legislative Scheme 261
2.Regulatory Practice and Administration 262
3.Practice and Procedure 262
3.1 Applying for Anti-dumping Duties 262
3.2 Screening Applications by Authorities 262
3.3 Commencing and Notifying Investigations 263
3.4 Time Limits 264
3.5 Questionnaires and Verification 264
3.6 Submissions 266
3.7 Preliminary Findings 266
3.8 Hearings 266
3.9 Transparency 267
3.10 Representation 267
3.11 Evidence 268
3.12 Final Determinations 268
4.Substantive Rules 268
4.1 Domestic Industry 268
4.2 Like Product 268
4.3 Imported Goods-Origin Rules 269
4.4 Normal Value Determination 269
4.5 Export Price 270
4.6 Due Adjustments and Allowances 270
4.7 Dumping Analysis 271
4.8 Material Injury Determination 271
4.9 Circumvention 273
5.Duty Imposition 274
5.1 Provisional Measures 274
5.2 Final Duties 274
6.Review 275
6.1 Administrative 275
6.2 Judicial 277
7.Country Usage Profile 277
7.1 Extent of Use 277
7.2 Government Attitude Toward Dumping Cases 278
7.3 Factors Encouraging Use of the Anti-dumping Law 278