Chapter 1 General Introduction 1
1.1.Introduction 1
1.2.Problem and Purpose 7
1.3.Method 13
1.3.1.Introduction 13
1.3.2.A contextual approach 17
1.3.3.Contextualisation of the concept of International Legal Personality 25
Chapter 2 Historical Introduction：Leibniz and the Emergence of the Concept of ILP 29
2.1.Introduction 29
2.2.The Post-1648 European Context 31
2.2.1.Restoration of communication and political modernisation in Europe 31
2.2.2.At the crossroads to modernity：rationalisation and the cosmopolis 38
2.2.3.Jurisprudential context：identifying international legal scholarship 45
2.2.3.1.Prelude-Grotius and Hobbes 45
2.2.3.2.The other German advisor-Samuel Pufendorf（1632-1694） 53
2.3.Introduction of ILP within Leibniz’Universal Jurisprudence 58
2.3.1.Political realism：the concept of relative sovereignty 60
2.3.2.Universal justice：natural law and the law of nations 68
2.3.3.Conclusions on the emergence of ILP：reconciling realism and idealisrn，sovereign and justice，and participation and responsibility 76
2.4.The 18th-Century Interlude 80
Chapter 3 Demystifying ILP：Brierly，Kelsen and Scelle 85
3.1.Introduction 85
3.2.The Contemporary Context of Interbellum Scholarship 92
3.2.1.Political context：democracy endangered 92
3.2.2.Between hope and fear：the public’s reason versus the irrationality of the masses 97
3.2.2.1.Introduction 97
3.2.2.2.The public：voice of reason 99
3.2.2.3.The irrationality of the masses：threatening democracy and individuality 101
3.2.2.4.Conclusion 109
3.2.3.Jurisprudential context 110
3.2.3.1.Introduction：the 19th-century legacy 110
3.2.3.2.The concept of ILP in Interbellum internationallegal scholarship 115
a.Restoration 116
b.Revision 122
c.Conclusion 130
3.3.James Leslie Brierly（1881-1955） 131
3.3.1.Introduction 131
3.3.2.Brierly’s concept of international law 134
3.3.3.Personality and the state：towards an anthropocentric approach 137
3.3.4.The true subjects of international law 145
3.3.5.Conclusion 148
3.4.Hans Kelsen（1881-1973） 149
3.4.1.Introduction 149
3.4.2.The Viennese context 153
3.4.2.1.Introduction 153
3.4.2.2.‘The polluted political atmosphere’ 155
3.4.2.3.Intellectual context：conceptual monsters 161
3.4.2.4.Conclusion 166
3.4.3.Kelsen’s concept of international law 167
3.4.4.Kelsen’s concept of legal personality：democracy and reduction 178
3.4.4.1.Introduction 178
3.4.4.2.Hypostatisation and reduction 179
3.4.4.3.The de-deification of the state 184
3.4.4.4.Freedom and democracy 187
3.4.5.Conclusion：Entschleierung 190
3.5.Georges Scelle（1878-1961） 192
3.5.1.Introduction 192
3.5.2.French context：the Third Republic（1870-1940） 197
3.5.2.1.The political context：l’absolutisme des gouvernants 197
3.5.2.2.Intellectual context：debating the decline of democracy and individual liberties 203
3.5.3.Scelle’s concept of international law 216
3.5.4.Scelle’s concept of ILP：defending democracy and individual liberties 225
3.5.5.Conclusion 241
3.6.Conclusion：Removing the Mask 242
Chapter 4 Cold War Bi-polarity:ILP hanging in the Balance 245
4.1.Introduction 245
4.2.Context of Cold War International Legal Scholarship 250
4.2.1.International political context：Cold War bi-polarity 250
4.2.2.Intellectual context：two responses to modern anxiety-realism and idealism 258
4.2.3.Jurisprudential context：the reinforcement of sovereignty or justice 277
4.3.Hans Morgenthau（1904-1980） 288
4.3.1.Introduction 288
4.3.2.The identification of international law-a set of static，primitive and weak legal rules-as pretext 292
4.3.3.Morgenthau’s use of ILP：impenetrability and exclusion 294
4.4.Hersch Lauterpacht（1897-1960） 297
4.4.1.Introduction 297
4.4.2.A neo-Grotian conception of international law 304
4.4.3.Federalism and the use of ILP：the sovereignty of man and justice 312
4.4.4.Conclusion 323
4.5.Myres Smith McDougal（1906-1998） 325
4.5.1.Introduction 325
4.5.2.International law as policy：authoritative decision-making processes 325
4.5.3.McDougal and ILP：beyond obsession 329
4.6.Wolfgang Friedmann （1907-1972） 334
4.6.1.Introduction 334
4.6.2.International law：co-existence and co-operation 339
4.6.3.Friedmann’s use of ILP：inclusion 340
4.7.Conclusion：a gradual process of inclusion 344
Chapter 5 The Concept of ILP Today：The End of the Subject？ 347
5.1.Introduction：a new age？ 347
5.2.Context of Contemporary International Legal Scholarship 354
5.2.1.Globalisation and fragmentation：‘the age of non-state actors？’ 354
5.2.2.Post-modernism and the fragmentation of the self:the end of the subject？ 365
5.2.2.1.Foucault and the‘end of the subject’ 370
5.2.2.2.Saving capacity and responsibility： Ricoeur and the ethical and moral subject 378
5.2.2.3.Conclusion 386
5.3.Contemporary International Legal Scholarship：skirting round ILP？ 387
5.4.Thomas Franck’s struggle with Zeus 407
5.4.1.Introduction 407
5.4.2.Franck’s concept of international law 408
5.4.3.Franck’s construction of the post post-modem self：the world citizen 416
5.4.4.Conclusion 424
5.5.Christine Chinkin：Opening up the Agora 428
5.5.1.Introduction 428
5.5.2.The sexed and gendered nature of international law 432
5.5.3.Chinkin’s use of ILP：the inclusion and empowerment of the female subject 439
5.5.4.Conclusion 442
5.6.Conclusion：has‘the loathsome mask’fallen？ 444
Chapter 6 Evaluation and Conclusions：ILP and Universal Justice-From Mask to Vocal Cords 447
6.1.Introduction 447
6.2.An episodic narrative of the conceptual history of ILP 448
6.3.The concept of ILP revisited： the metaphor of the vocal cords 457
Consulted literature 475
Index 491