Introduction 1
Theodor Adorno 19
St Thomas Aquinas 21
Hannah Arendt 24
Aristotle 26
St Augustine of Hippo 29
Avicenna 31
A.J. Ayer 33
Francis Bacon 36
Simone de Beauvoir 38
Walter Benjamin 40
Jeremy Bentham 43
Henri Bergson 45
George Berkeley 47
Franz Brentano 50
Joseph Butler 52
Albert Camus 54
Rudolf Carnap 56
Noam Chomsky 59
Paul Churchland 61
Hélène Cixous 63
R.G. Collingwood 66
Auguste Comte 68
Charles Darwin 71
Donald Davidson 73
Gilles Deleuze 75
Daniel Dennett 78
Jacques Derrida 80
René Descartes 82
John Dewey 84
Wilhelm Dilthey 87
Albert Einstein 89
Desiderius Erasmus 91
Michel Foucault 93
Gottlob Frege 96
Sigmund Freud 98
Hans-Georg Gadamer 100
Mahatma Gandhi 103
Kurt G？del 105
Jürgen Habermas 108
F.A. Hayek 110
Georg Hegel 112
Martin Heidegger 115
Thomas Hobbes 117
David Hume 119
Edmund Husserl 122
Luce Irigaray 124
William James 127
Immanuel Kant 129
S？ren Kierkegaard 132
Saul Kripke 134
Thomas Kuhn 136
Jacques Lacan 139
Gottfried Leibniz 141
Emmanuel Levinas 144
David Lewis 146
John Locke 148
Niccolò Machiavelli 151
Alasdair Maclntyre 153
Karl Marx 156
Maurice Merleau-Ponty 158
John Stuart Mill 160
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne 163
G.E. Moore 165
Thomas Nagel 167
Friedrich Neitzsche 170
Robert Nozick 172
Martha Nussbaum 174
Thomas Paine 177
Blaise Pascal 179
Charles Peirce 181
Plato 184
Plotinus 186
Karl Popper 188
Hilary Putnam 190
Pythagoras 192
Willard Van Orman Quine 194
Frank Ramsey 197
John Rawls 199
Richard Rortv 201
Jean-Jacques Rousseau 203
Bertrand Russell 206
Gilbert Ryle 208
George Santayana 210
Jean-Paul Sartre 212
Ferdinand de Saussure 214
F.W.J. Schelling 217
Arthur Schopenhauer 219
John Duns Scotus 221
John Searle 223
Lucius Annaeus Seneca 226
Henry Sidgwick 228
Peter Singer 230
Socrates 233
Baruch Spinoza 235
Charles Taylor 237
Alan Turing 239
Giambattista Vico 242
Simone Weil 244
Alfred North Whitehead 247
Ludwig Wittgenstein 249
注释 253
Chronological Index 355
Thematic Guides 357
Notes on Contributors 359
Index 365