INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER Ⅰ. Introduction 1
1. Objective 1
2. Scope and approach 2
2.1. General 2
2.2. State practice 4
2.3. Customary law 7
3. Outline 10
PART 1 VESSEL-SOURCE POLLUTION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW 15
CHAPTER Ⅱ. Nature and Politics of Vessel-Source Pollution 15
1. Introduction 15
2. Nature of marine pollution 16
2.1. Definition of marine pollution 16
2.2. Sources of marine pollution 18
2.3. Vessel-source pollution 19
2.3.1. Causes 19
2.3.2. Responses 21
2.3.2.1. Standard-setting 21
2.3.2.2. Implementation， compliance and enforcement 25
3. Actors involved in the regulation of vessel-source pollution 27
3.1. States 27
3.1.1. General 27
3.1.2. Developed States versus developing States 28
3.1.3. Coastal States versus maritime States 30
3.2. Companies and shipowners 32
3.3. The environmental movement 34
3.4. The insurance indust 35
3.5. Classification societies 36
3.6. International organizations 36
CHAPTER Ⅲ. The International Legal Framework of Vessel-Source Pollution 41
1. Introduction 41
2. Customary rules and general principles 41
3. International instruments 46
3.1. General multilateral instruments 46
3.1.1. Geneva Conventions 46
3.1.2. Intervention Convention 47
3.1.3. Stockholm Declaration and Action Plan 47
3.1.4. LOSC 49
3.1.4.1. General 49
3.1.4.2. General obligations in PartⅩⅡ 52
3.1.4.3. Relation to other treaties 54
3.1.5. Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 55
3.2. Regional， bilateral and miscellaneous global instruments 57
3.3. Global regulatory instruments 60
3.3.1. General 60
3.3.2. MARPOL 73/78 63
3.3.3. SOLAS 74 70
3.3.4. Other conventions 73
CHAPTER Ⅳ. Jurisdiction 75
1. Introduction 75
2. The concept of jurisdiction in international law 78
2.1. Territorial jurisdiction 78
2.2. Extra-territorial jurisdiction 80
2.2.1. General 80
2.2.2. Prescription 81
2.2.2.1. General 81
2.2.2.2. The effects or impact principle 81
2.2.2.3. The personality principle 83
2.2.2.4. The protective or security principle 84
2.2.2.5. The universality principle 85
2.2.3. Enforcement 85
2.3. Conflict of jurisdiction 86
3. Jurisdiction over vessel-source pollution 88
3.1. General 88
3.1.1. Redefining policies 88
3.1.2. Flag， port and coastal States 91
3.2. Flag State jurisdiction 95
3.2.1. Geneva Conventions and customary international law 95
3.2.2. LOSC 97
3.2.2.1. General 97
3.2.2.2. Prescriptive jurisdiction 99
3.2.2.3. Enforcement jurisdiction 99
3.2.3. Regulatory conventions 100
3.3. Port State jurisdiction 101
3.3.1. Geneva Conventions and customary international law 101
3.3.2. LOSC 103
3.3.2.1. Prescriptive jurisdiction 103
3.3.2.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 104
3.3.2.3. State practice on Article 218 109
3.3.3. Regulatory conventions 110
3.3.3.1. Residual jurisdiction 110
3.3.3.2. Limitations on residual jurisdiction 115
3.3.3.3. Regional approaches 117
3.3.3.4. Application to ships of non-Parties 119
3.3.4. Regional agreements on port State control 121
3.3.4.1. General 121
3.3.4.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 125
4. Conclusions 130
PART 2 COASTAL STATE JURISDICTION OVER VESSEL-SOURCE POLLUTION 135
CHAPTER Ⅴ. Regulating Vessel-Source Pollution 135
1. Introduction 135
2. Standard-setting 136
2.1. The international level 136
2.2. The national level 137
2.3. Harmonization of the international with the national level 139
3. Rules of reference 140
3.1. General 140
3.2. International rules and standards 141
3.2.1. Meaning， source and legal nature 141
3.2.2. Relation with customary law 143
3.3. The concept of ‘generally accepted’ 148
3.3.1. Historical background 148
3.3.2. Provisions in the LOSC 150
3.3.3. Meaning and purpose 151
3.3.4. Binding effect 157
3.3.4.1. General 157
3.3.4.2. Regional standard-setting 158
3.3.4.3. States non-Parties to the LOSC 161
3.3.4.4. Persistent objectors 163
3.3.5. Assessment 164
3.4. The concept of ‘applicable’ 168
3.4.1. Provisions in the LOSC 168
3.4.2. Meaning and purpose 168
3.4.3. Assessment 169
3.5. State practice 171
3.5.1. General 171
3.5.2. The concept of ‘generally accepted’ 172
3.5.3. The status of the rule of reference 179
4. Conclusions 183
CHAPTER Ⅵ. Port and Internal waters 185
1. Introduction 185
2. LOSC 186
2.1. Prescriptive jurisdiction 186
2.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 186
3. Regulatory conventions 191
4. State practice 192
5. Conclusions 193
CHAPTER Ⅶ. Territorial Sea 195
1. Introduction 195
2. Prescriptive jurisdiction 199
2.1. LOSC 199
2.1.1. General 199
2.1.2. Ships carrying hazardous cargoes 204
2.2. Regulatory conventions 209
2.2.1. General 209
2.2.2. COLREG 72 209
2.2.3. MARPOL 73/78 210
2.2.4. SOLAS 74 212
2.3. State practice 216
2.3.1 Geographically 216
2.3.2 Substantively 219
2.4. Conclusions 240
3. Enforcement jurisdiction 242
3.1. LOSC 242
3.1.1. General 242
3.1.2. Ships in innocent passage 242
3.1.3. Ships in non-innocent passage 249
3.1.4. The right of hot pursuit 250
3.2. Regulatory conventions 253
3.2.1. COLREG 72 253
3.2.2. MARPOL 73/78 253
3.2.3. SOLAS 74 255
3.3. State practice 255
3.3.1. Ships in innocent passage 255
3.3.2. Ships in non-innocent passage 268
3.4. Conclusions 271
4. Conclusions 272
CHAPTER Ⅷ. Contiguous Zone 275
1. Introduction 275
2. Jurisdiction 276
2.1. LOSC 276
2.2. Regulatory conventions 277
2.3. State practice 277
2.3.1. Geographically 277
2.3.2. Substantively 279
3. Conclusions 281
CHAPTER Ⅸ. Straits and Archipelagic Waters 283
1. Introduction 283
2. Straits 283
2.1. Introduction 283
2.2. LOSC 290
2.2.1. Prescriptive jurisdiction 290
2.2.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 295
2.3. Regulatory conventions 298
2.4. State practice 299
2.4.1. General 299
2.4.2. Straits covered by （non-）long-standing conventions 307
2.4.2.1. General 307
2.4.2.2. Conventions falling under Article 35（c） 308
2.4.2.3. Conventions not falling under Article 35（c） 315
2.4.2.4. Conclusions 319
2.4.3. Other specific state practice 322
2.4.3.1. State practice on transit passage 322
2.4.3.2. State practice on the relation between the territorial sea and straits 328
2.4.4. Conclusions 333
2.5. Conclusions 338
3. Archipelagic waters 339
3.1. Introduction 339
3.2. LOSC 342
3.2.1. General 342
3.2.2. Prescriptive jurisdiction 343
3.2.3. Enforcement jurisdiction 345
3.3. Regulatory conventions 345
3.4. State practice 347
3.4.1. General 347
3.4.2. Specific 351
3.5. Conclusions 358
4. Conclusions 359
CHAPTER Ⅹ. Exclusive Economic Zone 361
1. Introduction 361
2. Prescriptive jurisdiction 363
2.1. LOSC 363
2.2. Regulatory conventions 366
2.3. State practice 367
2.3.1. General 367
2.3.2. Specific 372
2.3.3. Ships carrying hazardous cargoes 378
2.4. Conclusions 381
3. Enforcement jurisdiction 382
3.1. LOSC 382
3.2. Regulatory conventions 388
3.3. State practice 389
3.3.1. General 389
3.3.2. Specific 390
3.3.3. Ships carrying hazardous cargoes 396
3.4. Conclusions 397
4. Conclusions 398
CHAPTER ⅩⅠ. Special Pollution Prevention Areas 401
1. Introduction 401
2. LOSC 402
2.1. General 402
2.2. Special areas under Article 211（6） 402
2.2.1. General 402
2.2.2. Prescriptive jurisdiction 403
2.2.3. Enforcement jurisdiction 407
2.2.4. State practice 408
2.2.5. Conclusions 418
2.3. Ice-covered areas 419
2.3.1. General 419
2.3.2. Prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction 420
2.3.3. State practice 421
2.3.4. Conclusions 426
2.4. Safety zones 426
2.4.1. General 426
2.4.2. Prescriptive and enforcement jurisdiction 427
2.4.3. State practice 428
2.4.4. Conclusions 430
3. Regulatory instruments 431
3.1. MARPOL 73/78 431
3.2. SOLAS 74 435
3.3. LL 66 438
3.4. PSSA Guidelines 438
3.5. Conclusions 442
4. Antarctic Treaty System 443
4.1. General 443
4.2. Unilateral approaches 443
4.3. Multilateral approaches 445
4.4. Conclusions 451
5. Regional conventions 451
5.1. UNEP Conventions 451
5.2. Helsinki Conventions 454
6. Conclusions 455
CHAPTER ⅩⅡ. Safeguards 459
1. Introduction 459
2. LOSC 459
2.1. General 459
2.2. Specific 460
2.3. Applicability of safeguards 466
3. Regulatory conventions 468
3.1. General 468
3.2. CDEM standards 469
3.3. Discharge and emission standards 470
3.4. Operational requirements 471
4. State practice 473
5. Conclusions 479
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ. Dispute Settlement 481
1. Introduction 481
2. LOSC 482
2.1. General 482
2.2. The prompt release of vessels and crews 488
2.2.1. General 488
2.2.2. ‘Provisions’ under Article 292 490
2.2.3. State practice 495
3. Other relevant global conventions 496
4. Conclusions 498
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ. Vessel-Source Air Pollution 499
1. Introduction 499
2. Jurisdiction over pollution from or through the atmosphere under the LOSC 500
2.1. Prescriptive jurisdiction 500
2.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 503
2.3. Safeguards and dispute settlement 505
3. MARPOL 73/78 506
3.1. General 506
3.2. The impact of Regulation VI/11（6） 508
3.2.1. Prescriptive jurisdiction 508
3.2.2. Enforcement jurisdiction 509
3.2.3. Safeguards and dispute settlement 510
3.3. Jurisdiction under Annex VI 511
4. Conclusions 512
PART 3 CONCLUSIONS 517
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ. Conclusions 517
1. Introduction 517
2. Coastal State jurisdiction in the LOSC 517
3. The LOSC and the concept of jurisdiction in international law 520
4. State practice 521
5. Role of IMO 526
6. Global regulatory approaches 529
7. The current balance of jurisdiction 530
ANNEXES，BIBLIOGRAPHY AND INDEX 535
Annex l：National Legislation， Statements， and Declarations 535
Annex 2：International Instruments 565
Annex 3：Alphabetical List of States and International Organizations that have Ratified， Acceded or Succeeded to the LOSC 585
Annex 4：Cases 587
Annex 5：Documents 591
Bibliography 595
Index 619