1 The International Law and Policy of Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms Tomer Broude and Yuval Shany 1
Ⅰ The Puzzle of Normative Parallelism in International Law 1
Ⅱ The Rise of MSENs in Fragmented International Law 3
Ⅲ Defining and Characterizing Equivalence 5
Ⅳ Same，Same，but Different？Context and the Differences Embedded in MSENs 8
Ⅴ Oil or Sand in the Gear Shift？ MSENs as the Transmission System of International Law 9
Ⅵ What’s on the Menu？ Ways of Regulating Interaction between MSENs 13
A The ’Dominant Norm / Regime’（or Lex Specalis） Model 13
B The Cumulative Model 13
C The Integrative Model 14
Ⅶ Conclusions 14
PART Ⅰ MSENS AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW 19
2 Conflict of Norms or Conflict of Laws？ Different Techniques in the Fragmentation of International Law Ralf Michaels and Joost Pauwelyn 19
Ⅰ Introduction 19
Ⅱ Interactions within Legal Systems：Conflict of Norms 23
A Solutions in Domestic Law 23
B Prerequisites 24
Ⅲ Interactions between Legal Systems：Conflict of Laws 26
A Solutions in Domestic Law 26
B Prerequisites 29
Ⅳ Interactions in Public International Law 31
A General International Law and Treaties 31
B Conflicts within One Branch of International Law 33
C Conflicts between Branches of International Law 35
D Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms 39
Ⅴ Concluding Thoughts：Is International Law a System？ 42
3 The Power of Secondary Rules to Connect the International and National Legal Orders Andre Nollkaemper 45
Ⅰ Introduction 50
Ⅱ Situations in which the Application of Secondary Rules of International Law may make a Difference 50
Ⅲ Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 54
A International Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 54
B National Obligations to give effect to Secondary Norms 58
Ⅳ The Essential Connection between Primary and Secondary Norms 59
Ⅴ Secondary Rules as a Normative Penumbra 61
Ⅵ The Limiting Effect of National Law 64
Ⅶ Conclusion 67
4 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms from the Standpoint of Governments&Erik Denters and Tarcisio Gazzini 69
Ⅰ Introduction 69
Ⅱ Governmental versus Judicial Perspective 70
Ⅲ Identical MSENs 75
Ⅳ Similar MSENS 80
Ⅴ Compliance or Non-Compliance with MSENs 84
Ⅵ State Practice and Converging MSENs 86
Ⅶ Conclusions 88
PART Ⅱ MSENS IN JUDICIAL PRACTICE 93
5 Interpreting Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms：Judicial Borrowing in International Courts&Benedikt Pirker 93
Ⅰ Introduction 93
Ⅱ Judicial Borrowing，Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms and International Courts and Tribunals 94
A The Playing Field for Judicial Borrowing and Comparative Law in International and Municipal Law 95
B Comparative Law in a Municipal Context 97
C Taking it to the Next Level：Judicial Borrowing by International Courts and Tribunals 98
Ⅲ The EFTA Court and the L’Oreal Norge Case 99
A The Origins and Legal Framework of the EEA 99
B The Case Law before L’Oreal Norge：Interpretive Divergence，but Justified？ 101
C L’Oreal Norge：A Revolutionary’Presumption of Homogeneity？’ 103
D Evaluation of the Process of Judicial Borrowing in L’Oreal Norge：The Neglected Nature of the EEA 104
Ⅳ The MERCOSUR Retreaded Tyres Dispute 107
A The Earlier Case Law on Retreaded Tyres 107
B Laudo No 1/2005：The PRC and the ECJ’s Case Law on Balancing Trade and Environmental Interests 109
C Evaluation of the Process of Judicial Borrowing by the PRC 110
Ⅴ Conclusion 112
6 Jurisdictions and Applicable Law Clauses：Where does a Tribunal find the Principal Norms Applicable to the Case before it？&Lorand Bartels 115
Ⅰ Introduction 115
Ⅱ Principal and Incidental Norms 117
Ⅲ Principal Norms 120
A Default Functions of Applicable Law Clauses 120
B Relationship between Jurisdiction and Applicable Law Clauses 123
i Claims based on Norms set out only in an Applicable Law Clause 124
a ‘Cardinal’Distinction between Jurisdictional and Applicable Law Clauses？ 124
b Lex Specalis 126
c Failure to apply Lex Specalis Principle 128
ii Claims based on Norms set out only in a Jurisdiction Clause 130
a Article 36 prevails over Article 38（1） in Violation of International Law 131
b Principal Norms cannot be Applied in Violation of International Law 135
Ⅳ Incidental Norms 137
A Validity or Applicability of a Principal Norm 137
B Rules of Interpretation 140
C Legal Facts 140
Ⅴ Conclusion 141
7 The OSPAR Convention，the Aarhus Convention and EC Law：Normative and Institutional Fragmentation on the Right of Access to Environmental Information&Nikolaos Lavranos 143
Ⅰ Introduction 143
Ⅱ The Relevant MSEN 144
A The Factual Background 145
B Access to Information under the Ospar Convention 148
C Access to Information under the Aarhus Convention 150
D Access to Information under EC Law 153
i EC Directive 90/313 and Directive 2003/4 153
ii Regulation 1049/2001 and Regulation 1367/2006 156
E Summary 158
Ⅲ Analysis 158
A The Applicable Law 160
B The Definition of the term ‘Information 164
Ⅳ Concluding Remarks 166
8 EU Review of UN Anti-Terror Sanctions：Judicial Juggling in a Four-Layer， Multi-Sourced， Equivalent-Norms Scenario&Guy Harpaz 171
Ⅰ Introduction 171
Ⅱ Anti-Terror Sanctions：The Multilateral，Regional and National Contexts 174
Ⅲ The MSENs Scenario 176
Ⅳ The CFI Verdict and the ECJ Judgment 179
Ⅴ EU Law vis-a-vis International Law/ UN Law：The Dominant Regime Model？ 183
A The ECJ’s Traditional Approach 183
B The CFI Verdict 185
C The ECJ’s Judgment 186
D Analysis 187
Ⅵ ELU Law vis-a-vis the ECHR：The Integrative Model？ 196
A The Traditional Approach 196
B The CFI Verdict and the ECJ Judgment 197
C Analysis 198
Ⅶ EU Law vis-a-vis the Legal Orders of Member States：The Contesting Model？ 202
Ⅷ Common Unifying Features 203
A Internalizing the MSENs Conflicts 203
B One‘Offensive’and Two ’Defensive’Solange Instruments 204
Ⅸ Summary and Conclusions 206
PART Ⅲ MSENS IN SPECIFIC NORMATIVE AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXTS 211
9 The Interaction between International Investment Law and Human Rights Treaties： A Sociological Perspective&Moshe Hirsch 211
Ⅰ Introduction 211
Ⅱ Investment Tribunals and Human Rights Treaties 214
Ⅲ Socio-Cultural Distance and MSENs 218
Ⅳ The Socio-Cultural Distance between Investment and Human Rights Laws 219
Ⅴ Dynamic Aspects and Future Normative Distance 227
Ⅵ Concluding Remarks 228
10 Delineating Primary and Secondary Rules on Necessity at International Law&Jurgen Kurtz 231
Ⅰ Introduction 231
Ⅱ The Legal Standards on Necessity in International Law 233
A The Plea of‘Necessity’under Customary International Law 233
B The Treaty Exception： Article Ⅺ of the US-Argentine Bilateral Investment Treaty 237
Ⅲ Understanding the Relationship between the Customary Plea and Treaty Exception：Engaging Text，Context and History 240
Ⅳ The Cases 247
A Conflation：CMS，Enron and Sempra 248
B The Treaty Exception as（Soft or Hard）Lex Specialis？ LG？E v Argentina 251
C Separating Primary-Secondary Applications：Continental v Argentina 252
Ⅴ Conclusion 256
11 Equivalent Primary Rules and Differential Secondary Rules： Countermeasures in WTO and Investment Protection Law&Martins Paparinskis 259
Ⅰ Introduction 259
Ⅱ Countermeasures in WTO and Investment Protection Law 263
Ⅲ WTO Countermeasures in Investment Protection Law 270
Ⅳ Investment Protection Law Countermeasures in WTO Law 280
Ⅴ Conclusion 287
12 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms and the Legitimacy of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights under International Law&Claire Charters 289
Ⅰ Introduction 289
Ⅱ Legitimacy 290
Ⅲ MSENs of Indigenous Peoples’Rights and Legitimacy Deficit 291
A Process Legitimacy 292
B Substance Uncertainty 300
C Incoherence 302
Ⅳ Mitigating MSEN Legitimacy Deficits 303
A Balancing Process Confusion and Norm Substance Indeterminacy with Justice 304
i Increased Institutional Responsiveness 304
ii Increased Norm Justice 307
B Dialogic Attempts to Minimise Institutional Jurisdictional Competition 308
C Dialogic Attempts to Interpret Norms Consistently：Lessening Norm Indeterminacy 313
D The Cohesive Force of Indigenous Peoples’Participation in International Legal Forums 316
Ⅴ Conclusion 319
13 Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms：Concluding Thoughts&Robert Howse 321
Index 327