Chapter 1 Introduction 3
Overview: An Introduction to Comparative Animal Law 3
Animals and the Law 5
What Is Animal Law? 7
What Is Comparative Animal Law? 9
Common Issues in Comparative Animal Law 13
Which animals are the subjects of laws and why are they privileged over other animals? 13
What is the relationship between social values about animals and the law? 18
Is there a difference between "animal welfare laws" and "animal rights laws"? 19
How do nations' concerns about how they are perceived in the international community affect their animal laws? 22
Why are some issues dealt with on an international basis, while others are considered domestic issues? 23
How does the fact that animals are considered property affect animal laws in different countries? 26
What role does science play in the formulation and enforcement of animal laws? 27
Comparative Animal Law in Practice 28
Asia 30
China 30
Japan 32
The Philippines 33
South Korea 33
India 34
Israel 35
Africa 36
South Africa 36
Egypt 37
North America 38
United States of America 38
South America 39
Brazil 39
Ecuador 40
Europe 41
European Union 41
United Kingdom 42
Germany 43
Italy 43
Croatia 44
Slovakia 44
Australasia 45
Australia 45
New Zealand 46
Conclusion 47
Chapter 2 Commercial Uses of Animals for Food and Entertainment 61
Chapter Overview 61
Animals Used for Food 62
Transport 67
Chickens 67
Laying Hens 68
Broiler Chickens 70
Ducks and Geese 73
Pigs 76
Cows 80
Veal Calves 81
Cows Used for Dairy Products 82
Cows Used for Meat 84
Horses 88
Bushmeat 89
Dogs—As Food 93
Fur 94
Dogs and Cats—As Clothing 94
Fur Seals 96
Other Animals, Other Uses 98
Bears 98
Entertainment—Hunting, Competition, Fighting, and Exhibitions 100
The Law on Entertainment 101
Companion Animals 101
Zoos 104
Live Exhibition (Circuses, Rodeos, Television, and Film) 105
Animal Fighting 107
Conclusion 109
Chapter 3 Criminal Law 139
Animal Cruelty as a Crime 139
Civil versus Criminal Law 139
The Anticruelty Laws—A Different Kind of Criminal Law 142
Areas of Comparison and Contrast 146
Historical Developments of the Anticruelty Laws—England and the United States 148
Global Comparisons 152
India 152
Ancient Laws of India 153
Modern Law 153
Canada 156
European Union (EU) 159
France 162
Germany 164
Norway 165
Switzerland 166
New Zealand 167
People's Republic of China (PRC) 171
Australia 173
Taiwan 175
Conclusion 176
Chapter 4 Animal Experimentation 185
Chapter Overview 185
Domestic Laws on Animal Experimentation 187
Complete Prohibitions on Animal Experimentation 187
National Prohibitions on Experiments on Certain Species 188
National Regulation of the Use of Animals in Scientific and Biomedical Research 191
Britain: Cruelty to Animals Act and British Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 191
United States: Animal Welfare Act 195
Japan: Act on Welfare and Management of Animals 205
China: Guiding Opinions on the Humane Treatment of Laboratory Animals 206
India: Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act 209
Australia 211
National Regulations for the Use of Animals in Testing Medicines, Cosmetics, and Household Products 212
National Laws Concerning the Use of Animals in Education 213
Regional Regulation of Animal Experimentation 215
The European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals Used for Experimental and Other Scientific Purposes 215
Directive 2010/63/EU 216
Directive 76/768/EEC 221
International Regulations of Animal Research 223
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences 225
World Organization for Animal Health 226
International Organization for Standardization 227
Transnational Networks of Animal Research 228
Chapter 5 Constitutional Law 255
Constitutions—The Basics 256
Constitutional Provisions Including Animals 260
India 262
Germany 266
United States of America 270
General Constitutional Provisions that Indirectly Affect Animals 270
Individual States—Florida 271
Other State Provisions 273
Chapter 6 International Law 279
Introduction 279
International Law 281
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 283
Historical and Legal Background 284
CITES in Practice 289
Potential Problems 292
Domestic Implementation 295
The World Trade Organization (WTO) and General Agreementon Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 297
Tuna-Dolphin Ⅰ Case 300
Tuna-Dolphin Ⅱ Case 302
Shrimp-Turtle Case Ⅰ and Shrimp Turtle Case Ⅱ 303
Leghold-Trap Restrictions and Cosmetics Testing Ban 304
Effect of WTO on Animals 305
The International Whaling Commission (IWC) 309
The World of Whales 309
The IWC—Beginnings 312
Legal Structure of the IWC 313
The IWC in Practice 313
Index 337