Chapter1 What Is Statistics？ 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Why Study Statistics？ 2
1.3 What Is Meant by Statistics？ 4
1.4 Types of Statistics 6
Descriptive Statistics 6
Inferential Statistics 6
1.5 Types of Variables 8
1.6 Levels of Measurement 9
Nominal-Level Data 10
Ordinal-Level Data 11
Interval-Level Data 11
Ratio-Level Data 12
Exercises 14
1.7 Ethics and Statistics 14
1.8 Computer Applications 14
Chapter Summary 16
Chapter Exercises 16
Data Set Exercises 19
Answers to Self-Review 20
Chapter2 Describing Data：Frequency Tables，Frequency Distributions，and Graphic Presentation 21
2.1 Introduction 22
2.2 Constructing a Frequency Table 23
Relative Class Frequencies 23
Graphic Presentation of Qualitative Data 24
Exercises 28
2.3 Constructing Frequency Distributions：Quantitative Data 29
2.4 A Software Example 34
2.5 Relative Frequency Distribution 34
Exercises 35
2.6 Graphic Presentation of a Frequency Distribution 36
Histogram 36
Frequency Polygon 38
Exercises 41
Cumulative Frequency Distributions 42
Exercises 44
Chapter Summary 46
Chapter Exercises 46
Data Set Exercises 53
Software Commands 54
Answers to Self-Review 55
Chapter3 Describing Data：Numerical Measures 57
3.1 Introduction 58
3.2 The Population Mean 58
3.3 The Sample Mean 60
3.4 Properties of the Arithmetic Mean 61
Exercises 62
3.5 The Weighted Mean 63
Exercises 64
3.6 The Median 64
3.7 The Mode 65
Exercises 67
3.8 Software Solution 69
3.9 The Relative Positions of the Mean，Median，and Mode 69
Exercises 71
3.10 The Geometric Mean 72
Exercises 73
3.11 Why Study Dispersion？ 74
3.12 Measures of Dispersion 75
Range 75
Mean Deviation 76
Exercises 79
Variance and Standard Deviation 79
Exercises 82
3.13 Software Solution 84
Exercises 84
3.14 Interpretation and Uses of the Standard Deviation 85
Chebyshev’s Theorem 85
The Empirical Rule 86
Exercises 87
3.15 The Mean and Standard Deviation of Grouped Data 88
The Arithmetic Mean 88
Standard Deviation 89
Exercises 91
3.16 Ethics and Reporting Results 92
Chapter Summary 92
Pronunciation Key 94
Chapter Exercises 94
Data Set Exercises 99
Software Commands 100
Answers to Self-Review 100
Chapter4 Describing Data：Displaying and Exploring Data 102
4.1 Introduction 103
4.2 Dot Plots 103
4.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 105
Exercises 109
4.4 Measures of Position 111
Quartiles，Deciles，and Percentiles 111
Exercises 115
Box Plots 116
Exercises 118
4.5 Skewness 119
Exercises 123
4.6 Describing the Relationship between Two Variables 124
Exercises 127
Chapter Summary 129
Pronunciation Key 129
Chapter Exercises 130
Data Set Exercises 135
Software Commands 135
Answers to Self-Review 136
A Review of Chapters 1-4 137
Glossary 137
Problems 139
Cases 141
Practice Test 142
Chapter5 A Survey of Probability Concepts 144
5.1 Introduction 145
5.2 What Is a Probability？ 146
5.3 Approaches to Assigning Probabilities 148
Classical Probability 148
Empirical Probability 149
Subjective Probability 150
Exercises 152
5.4 Some Rules for Computing Probabilities 153
Rules of Addition 153
Exercises 158
Rules of Multiplication 159
5.5 Contingency Tables 162
5.6 Tree Diagrams 164
Exercises 166
5.7 Bayes’ Theorem 167
Exercises 170
5.8 Principles of Counting 171
The Multiplication Formula 171
The Permutation Formula 172
The Combination Formula 174
Exercises 176
Chapter Summary 176
Pronunciation Key 177
Chapter Exercises 178
Data Set Exercises 182
Software Commands 183
Answers to Self-Review 184
Chapter6 Discrete Probability Distributions 186
6.1 Introduction 187
6.2 What Is a Probability Distribution？ 187
6.3 Random Variables 189
Discrete Random Variable 190
Continuous Random Variable 190
6.4 The Mean，Variance，and Standard Deviation of a Discrete Probability Distribution 191
Mean 191
Variance and Standard Deviation 191
Exercises 193
6.5 Binomial Probability Distribution 195
How Is a Binomial Probability Computed？ 196
Binomial Probability Tables 198
Exercises 201
Cumulative Binomial Probability Distributions 202
Exercises 203
6.6 Hypergeometric Probability Distribution 204
Exercises 207
6.7 Poisson Probability Distribution 207
Exercises 212
Chapter Summary 212
Chapter Exercises 213
Data Set Exercises 218
Software Commands 219
Answers to Self-Review 221
Chapter7 Continuous Probability Distributions 222
7.1 Introduction 223
7.2 The Family of Uniform Probability Distributions 223
Exercises 226
7.3 The Family of Normal Probability Distributions 227
7.4 The Standard Normal Probability Distribution 229
Applications of the Standard Normal Distribution 231
The Empirical Rule 231
Exercises 233
Finding Areas under the Normal Curve 233
Exercises 236
Exercises 239
Exercises 241
7.5 The Normal Approximation to the Binomial 242
Continuity Correction Factor 242
How to Apply the Correction Factor 244
Exercises 245
7.6 The Family of Exponential Distributions 246
Exercises 250
Chapter Summary 251
Chapter Exercises 252
Data Set Exercises 256
Software Commands 256
Answers to Self-Review 257
A Review of Chapters 5-7 258
Glossary 259
Problems 260
Cases 261
Practice Test 263
Chapter8 Sampling Methods and the Central Limit Theorem 265
8.1 Introduction 266
8.2 Sampling Methods 266
Reasons to Sample 266
Simple Random Sampling 267
Systematic Random Sampling 270
Stratified Random Sampling 270
Cluster Sampling 271
Exercises 272
8.3 Sampling “Error” 274
8.4 Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 275
Exercises 278
8.5 The Central Limit Theorem 279
Exercises 285
8.6 Using the Sampling Distribution of the Sample Mean 286
Exercises 289
Chapter Summary 289
Pronunciation Key 290
Chapter Exercises 290
Data Set Exercises 295
Software Commands 295
Answers to Self-Review 296
Chapter9 Estimation and Confidence Intervals 297
9.1 Introduction 298
9.2 Point Estimate for a Population Mean 298
9.3 Confidence Intervals for a Population Mean 299
Population Standard Deviation Known σ 300
A Computer Simulation 304
Exercises 305
Population Standard Deviationσ Unknown 306
Exercises 312
9.4 A Confidence Interval for a Proportion 313
Exercises 316
9.5 Choosing an Appropriate Sample Size 316
Sample Size to Estimate a Population Mean 317
Sample Size to Estimate a Population Proportion 318
Exercises 320
9.6 Finite-Population Correction Factor 320
Exercises 322
Chapter Summary 323
Chapter Exercises 323
Data Set Exercises 327
Software Commands 328
Answers to Self-Review 329A Review of Chapters 8 and 9 329
Glossary 330
Problems 331
Case 332
Practice Test 332
Chapter10 One-Sample Tests of Hypothesis 333
10.1 Introduction 334
10.2 What Is a Hypothesis？ 334
10.3 What Is Hypothesis Testing？ 335
10.4 Five-Step Procedure for Testing a Hypothesis 335
Step 1：State the Null Hypothesis（H0） and the Alternate Hypothesis（H1） 336
Step 2：Select a Level of Significance 337
Step 3：Select the Test Statistic 338
Step 4：Formulate the Decision Rule 338
Step 5：Make a Decision 339
10.5 One-Tailed and Two-Tailed Tests of Significance 340
10.6 Testing for a Population Mean：Known Population Standard Deviation 341
A Two-Tailed Test 341
A One-Tailed Test 345
10.7 p-Value in Hypothesis Testing 345
Exercises 347
10.8 Testing for a Population Mean：Population Standard Deviation Unknown 348
Exercises 352
A Software Solution 353
Exercises 355
10.9 Tests Concerning Proportions 356
Exercises 359
10.10 Type Ⅱ Error 359
Exercises 362
Chapter Summary 362
Pronunciation Key 363
Chapter Exercises 364
Data Set Exercises 368
Software Commands 369
Answers to Self-Review 369
Chapter11 Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis 371
11.1 Introduction 372
11.2 Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis：Independent Samples 372
Exercises 377
11.3 Two-Sample Tests about Proportions 378
Exercises 381
11.4 Comparing Population Means with Unknown Population Standard Deviations 382
Equal Population Standard Deviations 383
Exercises 386
Unequal Population Standard Deviations 388
Exercises 391
11.5 Two-Sample Tests of Hypothesis：Dependent Samples 392
11.6 Comparing Dependent and IndependentSamples 395
Exercises 398
Chapter Summary 399
Pronunciation Key 400
Chapter Exercises 400
Data Set Exercises 406
Software Commands 407
Answers to Self-Review 408
Chapter12 Analysis of Variance 410
12.1 Introduction 411
12.2 The F Distribution 411
12.3 Comparing Two Population Variances 412
Exercises 415
12.4 ANOVA Assumptions 416
12.5 The ANOVA Test 418
Exercises 425
12.6 Inferences about Pairs of Treatment Means 426
Exercises 429
12.7 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 430
Exercises 434
12.8 Two-Way ANOVA with Interaction 435
Interaction Plots 436
Hypothesis Test for Interaction 437
Exercises 440
Chapter Summary 442
Pronunciation Key 443
Chapter Exercises 443
Data Set Exercises 451
Software Commands 452
Answers to Self-Review 454
A Review of Chapters 10-12 455
Glossary 455
Problems 456
Cases 459
Practice Test 459
Chapter13 Correlation and Linear Regression 461
13.1 Introduction 462
13.2 What Is Correlation Analysis？ 463
13.3 The Correlation Coefficient 465
Exercises 470
13.4 Testing the Significance of the Correlation Coereicient 472
Exercises 475
13.5 Regression Analysis 476
Least Squares Principle 476
Drawing the Regression Line 479
Exercises 481
13.6 Testing the Significance of the Slope 483
Exercises 486
13.7 Evaluating a Regression Equation’s Ability to Predict 486
The Standard Error of Estimate 486
The Coefficient of Determination 487
Exercises 488
Relationships among the Correlation Coefficient，the Coefficient of Determination，and the Standard Error of Estimate 488
Exercises 490
13.8 Interval Estimates of Prediction 490
Assumptions Underlying Linear Regression 490
Constructing Confidence and Prediction Intervals 492
Exercises 494
13.9 Transforming Data 495
Exercises 497
Chapter Summary 498
Pronunciation Key 499
Chapter Exercises 500
Data Set Exercises 509
Software Commands 510
Answers to Self-Review 511
Chapter14 Multiple Regression Analysis 512
14.1 Introduction 513
14.2 Multiple Regression Analysis 513
Exercises 517
14.3 Evaluating a Multiple Regression Equation 519
The ANOVA Table 519
Multiple Standard Error of Estimate 520
Coefficient of Multiple Determination 521
Adjusted Coefficient of Determination 522
Exercises 523
14.4 Inferences in Multiple Linear Regression 523
Global Test：Testing the Multiple Regression Model 524
Evaluating Individual Regression Coefficients 526
Exercises 530
14.5 Evaluating the Assumptions of Multiple Regression 531
Linear Relationship 532
Variation in Residuals Same for Large and Small Y Values 533
Distribution of Residuals 534
Multicollinearity 534
Independent Observations 537
14.6 Qualitative Independent Variables 537
14.7 Regression Models with Interaction 540
14.8 Stepwise Regression 542
Exercises 544
14.9 Review of Multiple Regression 546
Chapter Summary 551
Pronunciation Key 553
Chapter Exercises 553
Data Set Exercises 565
Software Commands 566
Answers to Self-Review 567
A Review of Chapters 13 and 14 567
Glossary 568
Problems 569
Cases 570
Practice Test 571
Chapter15 Index Numbers 573
15.1 Introduction 574
15.2 Simple Index Numbers 574
15.3 Why Convert Data to Indexes？ 577
15.4 Construction of Index Numbers 577
Exercises 578
15.5 Unweighted Indexes 579
Simple Average of the Price Indexes 579
Simple Aggregate Index 580
15.6 Weighted Indexes 581
Laspeyres Price Index 581
Paasche Price Index 582
Fisher’s Ideal Index 584
Exercises 584
15.7 Value Index 585
Exercises 586
15.8 Special-Purpose Indexes 587
Consumer Price Index 588
Producer Price Index 589
Dow Jones Industrial Average（DJIA） 589
S＆P 500 Index 590
Exercises 591
15.9 Consumer Price Index 592
Special Uses of the Consumer Price Index 592
15.10 Shifting the Base 595
Exercises 597
Chapter Summary 598
Chapter Exercises 599
Software Commands 602
Answers to Self-Review 603
Chapter16 Time Series and Forecasting 604
16.1 Introduction 605
16.2 Components of a Time Series 605
Secular Trend 605
Cyclical Variation 606
Seasonal Variation 607
Irregular Variation 608
16.3 A Moving Average 608
16.4 Weighted Moving Average 611
Exercises 614
16.5 Linear Trend 615
16.6 Least Squares Method 616
Exercises 618
16.7 Nonlinear Trends 618
Exercises 620
16.8 Seasonal Variation 621
Determining a Seasonal Index 621
Exercises 626
16.9 Deseasonalizing Data 627
Using Deseasonalized Data to Forecast 628
Exercises 630
16.10 The Durbin-Watson Statistic 631
Exercises 636
Chapter Summary 636
Chapter Exercises 636
Data Set Exercise 643
Software Commands 643
Answers to Self-Review 644
A Review of Chapters 15 and 16 645
Glossary 646
Problems 646
Practice Test 647
Chapter17 Nonparametric Methods：Goodness-of-Fit Tests 648
17.1 Introduction 649
17.2 Goodness-of-Fit Test：Equal Expected Frequencies 649
Exercises 654
17.3 Goodness-of-Fit Test：Unequal Expected Frequencies 655
17.4 Limitations of Chi-Square 657
Exercises 659
17.5 Testing the Hypothesis That a Distribution of Data Is from a Normal Population 659
17.6 Graphical and Statistical Approaches to Confirm Normality 662
Exercises 665
17.7 Contingency Table Analysis 667
Exercises 671
Chapter Summary 672
Pronunciation Key 672
Chapter Exercises 672
Data Set Exercises 677
Software Commands 678
Answers to Self-Review 679
Chapter18 Nonparametric Methods：Analysis of Ranked Data 680
18.1 Introduction 681
18.2 The Sign Test 681
Exercises 685
Using the Normal Approximation to the Binomial 686
Exercises 688
Testing a Hypothesis about a Median 688
Exercises 689
18.3 Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test for Dependent Samples 690
Exercises 693
18.4 Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test for Independent Samples 695
Exercises 698
18.5 Kruskal-Wallis Test：Analysis of Variance by Ranks 698
Exercises 702
18.6 Rank-Order Correlation 704
Testing the Significance of rs 706
Exercises 707
Chapter Summary 709
Pronunciation Key 710
Chapter Exercises 710
Data Set Exercises 713
Software Commands 713
Answers to Self-Review 714
A Review of Chapters 17 and 18 716
Glossary 716
Problems 717
Cases 718
Practice Test 718
Chapter19 Statistical Process Control and Quality Management 720
19.1 Introduction 721
19.2 A Brief History of Quality Control 721
Six Sigma 724
19.3 Causes of Variation 724
19.4 Diagnostic Charts 725
Pareto Charts 725
Fishbone Diagrams 727
Exercises 728
19.5 Purpose and Types of Quality Control Charts 729
Control Charts for Variables 729
Range Charts 733
19.6 In-Control and Out-of-Control Situations 734
Exercises 736
19.7 Attribute Control Charts 737
Percent Defective Charts 737
c-Bar Charts 740
Exercises 741
19.8 Acceptance Sampling 742
Exercises 746
Chapter Summary 746
Pronunciation Key 747
Chapter Exercises 747
Software Commands 751
Answers to Self-Review 752
Appendixes 753
Appendix A：Data Sets 754
Appendix B：Tables 764
Appendix C：Answers to Odd-Numbered Chapter Exercises and Review Exercises and Solutions to Practice Tests 782
Photo Credits 829
Index 831