1 Introduction 1
2 Sources of police cases 26
3 Police powers in relation to detention and arrest 40
4 The construction of the police case 66
5 Pre-trial preparation of prosecutors 106
6 Pre-trial involvement of judges 144
7 The construction of the defence case 165
8 Trial procedure, rules, setting and personnel 191
9 The trial: case file analysis 234
10 The prosecution observed 261
11 The defence at trial observed (1) 292
12 The defence at trial observed (2) 316
13 Trial outcomes observed 351
14 The process and the system 377
15 Conclusion 425
Appendix 1 Chinese criminal procedure: an overview 455
Appendix 2 A note on research methodology 462
Appendix 3 Case file analysis schedule 475
Appendix 4 Courtroom observation schedule 489
Appendix 5 Interview schedule for judges 491
Appendix 6 Interview schedule for prosecutors 493
Appendix 7 Interview schedule for defenders 495
Appendix 8 A note on administrative punishment in China 497
Bibliography 507
Index 543