Chapter One· From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations：The Globalization of Plea Bargaining and the Americanization Thesis in Criminal Procedure·Maximo Langer 3
Ⅰ. Introduction 3
Ⅱ. Re-Conceptualizing the Adversarial and the Inquisitorial as Theoretical Categories 10
A. Structures of Interpretation and Meaning 13
B. Individual Dispositions 16
C. Procedural Powers 17
D. Other Elements of the Systems 19
E. Points of Emphasis 21
Ⅲ. The Content of the Dichotomy： Adversarial vs. Inquisitorial 23
Ⅳ. Recent Reforms in the Inquisitorial System and the Americanization Thesis 34
Ⅴ. The Circulation of Legal Ideas： From Legal Transplants to Legal Translations 38
Ⅵ. Plea Bargaining as a Trojan Horse of the Adversarial System 46
Ⅶ. German “Plea Bargaining” 50
Ⅷ. Italian “Plea Bargaining” 59
Ⅸ. Argentine “Plea Bargaining” 68
Ⅹ. French “Plea Bargaining” 74
ⅩⅠ. Conclusion： Fragmentation in the Civil Law？ 78
Chapter Two· Negotiated Justice in International Criminal Courts·Mirjan Damaska 81
Ⅰ. The Confusing Complexity of the Current Legal Landscape 81
Ⅱ. Attitudes of National Legal Systems toward Negotiated Justice： The Early History 82
Ⅲ. Attitudes of National Legal Systems since the Nineteenth Century 85
Ⅳ. Current Anglo-American v. Continental Approaches to Negotiated Justice 88
Ⅴ. The Pros and Cons of Negotiated Justice 91
Ⅵ. International Criminal Proceedings and Bargained Justice： Questions of Legitimacy and Desirability 95
Ⅶ. Grounds Justifying Negotiated Justice in International Proceedings 100
A. The Practice of the ICTY 101
B. Negotiated Justice and the ICC 102
Ⅷ. Which Model Is Best Suited to International Proceedings—The Continental in-Court Confession or the Anglo-American Guilty Plea？ 103
Chapter Three· The Entrenched Position of Plea Bargaining in United States Legal Practice·Jacqueline E. Ross 107
Ⅰ. Introduction 107
Ⅱ. The Legal Status of Plea Bargains： How Law Constrains and Facilitates Guilty Pleas 108
Ⅲ. Market Models，Equity，and the Scholarly Controversy about Plea Bargaining 114
Ⅳ. Conclusion 123
Chapter Four· Plea Bargaining in Scotland： The Rise of Managerialism and the Fall of Due Process·Fiona Leverick 125
Ⅰ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （More Serious Crimes） 125
A. Pretrial Stage 125
1. Form of Criminal Investigation 125
2. Confessions and Admissions as Proof of Guilt：Interrogation Practice 128
B. Trial Stage： Post-Charge 133
Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （Variations for Lesser Crimes） 135
Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid the Full-Blown Trial 137
Ⅳ. Pre-Trial Consensual Procedures 138
A. Fiscal Fines 138
B. Fixed Penalties 140
C. Fiscal Compensation Orders 141
D. Fiscal Work Orders 142
Ⅴ. Diversion 142
A. To a Social Worker，Psychiatrist or Psychologist 142
B. Diversion to Victim-Offender Reconciliation 143
Ⅵ. Guilty Pleas and Inducements 144
Ⅶ. Historical Perspective and Comment 149
A. Consensual Settlement in Scottish History 149
B. The Effectiveness and Reception of Consensual Procedures 149
C. Prospects for Future Reform 154
Chapter Five· Absprachen in German Criminal Trials·Karsten Altenhain 157
Ⅰ. Introduction 157
Ⅱ. Procedural Basis for Bargaining 157
A. Conditional Dismissals of Cases： Diversion 158
B. Penal Orders 158
C. Absprachen and the German Legality Principle 159
Ⅲ. Procedural Aspects and Content of Absprachen 160
Ⅳ. The Debate Surrounding the Legality of Absprachen 161
A. Introduction 161
B. Views in the Literature before the Leading Decision of the BGH 162
C. The Seminal Decision of the BGH of August 28，1997 164
D. The Acceptance of the Guidelines of the BGH in Practice 166
1. Disclosure of the Absprache during the Trial 166
2. Inclusion of All Participants 167
3. Confession as Mitigation and the Appropriateness of the Punishment 168
4. Assurance of the Voluntariness of Absprachen：Protection of Free Will 169
5. The Court’s Fixing of a Maximum Sentence 170
6. Prohibition of Absprachen as to Guilt 171
7. Verification of the Confession 171
8. Recording of the Absprache 173
9. Prohibition of the Waiver of the Right to Appeal 173
Ⅴ. Conclusion and Prospects for Statutory Regulation 176
Addendum — Amendments to the StPO in 2009 to Allow Absprachen 179
257b StPO 179
257c StPO 179
Chapter Six· Consensual，Abbreviated and Simplified Procedures in the Netherlands·Chrisje Brants 181
Ⅰ. Introduction： The Essentially Inquisitorial Nature of Dutch Criminal Procedure 181
Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure （More Serious Crimes） 184
A. Pre-Trial Stage 184
1. Form of Investigation 184
2. Confessions and Admissions to Prove Guilt：Interrogation Practice 189
3. Charging Decision，Review of Charge，Role of Victim 192
B. Procedure in the Trial Court （Post-Charge） 196
1. Prosecutor’s Ability to Dispose of the Case 196
2. Defendant’s Ability to Dispose of the Case： Voeging ad informandum 197
Ⅲ. Procedural Diversity Depending on the Seriousness of Crimes 199
A. Procedure for the Most Serious Crimes 199
B. Different Procedures for Less Serious Crimes 200
Ⅳ. Formal and Informal Ways of Avoiding Trial 202
A. Conditional Waiver of Prosecution （Diversion） and Transaction （transactie） 202
B. Transaction and White Collar and Corporate Crime 205
C. New Legislation Relating to Penal Orders 206
Ⅴ. Victim-Offender Conciliation 212
Ⅵ. Effect of Admissions of Guilt in Dutch Criminal Procedure 213
Ⅶ. Conclusion 216
Chapter Seven · Penal Orders，Confession-Triggered Summary 219
Procedures and the Weakening of the Legality Principle in Denmark·Rasmus H. Wandall 219
Ⅰ. Introduction 219
Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure for Serious Crimes 222
A. Pretrial stage 222
1. Form of Criminal Investigation 222
2. Confessions and Admissions as Proof of Guilt：Interrogation Practice 224
3. The Right to Counsel 226
4. Bargaining for Confessions 227
5. The Charging Decision and Prosecutorial Discretion 229
B. Trial Stage （Post Charge） 231
1. The Prosecutor’s Power to Dismiss Charges 231
2. The Effect of the Defendant’s Confession in Summary and Normal Procedures 232
Ⅱ. Procedural Variations Depending on the Seriousness of the Crime 233
A. Differences in the Composition of the Court 233
B. Changes in the Pretrial Procedural Stage 234
Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid the Full-Blown Trial 235
Ⅳ. Penal Orders 236
Ⅴ. Diversion 238
Ⅵ. Victim-Offender Conciliation 239
Ⅶ. Guilty Pleas and the Summary Trial Procedure 240
Ⅷ. Conclusion 244
Chapter Eight· Penal Orders，Victim-Offender Mediation，and Confession-Triggered Summary Procedures in Norway·Asbjorn Strandbakken 245
Ⅰ. Organization of Criminal Procedure 245
A. Pre-Trial Stage 245
B. Procedure in the Trial Court 249
Ⅱ. Organization of Criminal Procedure 250
A. Procedure for More Serious Crimes 250
B. Variations in Procedure Depending on the Seriousness of the Crime 251
Ⅲ. Informal Mechanisms to Avoid Full Trial 251
Ⅳ. Penal Orders 252
Ⅴ. Diversion or Conditional Dismissals 253
Ⅵ. Victim-Offender Mediation or Conciliation 254
Ⅶ. Confessions and the Triggering of Simplified Procedure 255
Ⅷ. Historical Perspective 256
Chapter Nine· Consensual Procedures and the Avoidance of the Full-Fledged Trial in the Republic of Croatia·Davor Krapac 259
Ⅰ. Introduction 259
Ⅱ. The Procedural Context of Consensual and Trial-Simplifying Mechanisms 260
A. Pretrial Stage 260
1. Form of Criminal Investigation 260
2. Interrogation of the Suspect/Accused 262
3. Avoiding the Preliminary Investigation 263
4. Prosecutorial Discretion 264
5. Review of the Charging Decision 269
B. Trial Stage （Post-Charge） 269
1. Prosecutor’s Power to Dismiss 269
2. Effect of Defendant’s Admission of Guilt 270
3. Composition of the Trial Courts 270
4. Alternative Procedures for Lesser Offenses 271
5. Effects of Confessions，Guilty Pleas and Stipulations to the Charges during Full-Fledged and Summary Proceedings 274
Ⅲ. Conclusion 277
Chapter Ten· Consensual and Summary Procedures in Poland·Maria Rogacka-Rzewnicka 279
Ⅰ. Introduction 279
Ⅱ. General Summary of Polish Procedure 281
Ⅲ. Ordinary and Summary Proceedings 284
Ⅳ. The Role of the Victim in Polish Criminal Procedure 286
Ⅴ. Consensual Forms of Criminal Procedure in Poland 287
A. Introduction 287
B. Mediation and Conciliation Agreements 288
C. Stipulation to the Charges and Conviction without Trial 291
D. Penal Orders 294
Ⅴ. Conclusion 295
Chapter Eleven· A Typology of Consensual Criminal Procedures： An Historical and Comparative Perspective on the Theory and Practice of Avoiding the Full Criminal Trial·Stephen C. Thaman 297
Ⅰ. Introduction： The Historical Roots of Procedural Diversity 297
A. The Historical Importance of Customary （Chthonic） Procedures： Emphasis on Victim-Offender Mediation 297
B. Monarchic Centralization，Politicization of Criminal Law and Decline of Victim-Offender Mediation in Europe：Emphasis on Procedural Coercion of Confessions 305
C. An Asian Detour： Official and Non-Official Systems of Dispute Resolution： Emphasis on Staying Out of Court 314
D. Prelude to Modernity： The Enlightenment and the Development of the Anglo-American Adversarial Trial and the European Mixed-Inquisitorial System 321
E. The Human Rights Revolution： Recognition of Defense Rights and the Right to Waive Them： Emphasis on Avoiding the Newly-Constituted Trial with All Its Guarantees 326
F. Conclusion 330
Ⅱ. Alternatives to the Full-Blown Trial in Modern Penal Systems 331
A. Consensual Procedures Resulting in Dismissal with Conditions 331
1. Diversion 331
2. Victim-Offender Conciliation/Mediation 335
B. Consensual Procedures Resulting in a Skipping of the Preliminary Investigation and Trial 339
1. Penal Orders 339
2. Pleas of Guilty and Nolo Contendere as Substitutes for the Criminal Trial 342
C. Simplified and Abbreviated Trial Proceedings 380
1. Abbreviated Trial Procedures Not Involving Admissions or Stipulations of Guilt 380
2. Inducing and Bargaining for Confessions to Expedite and Simplify the Trial 383
D. Conclusion 393
Appendix· Codes of Criminal Procedure 397
The Authors 401
Index 407