Part Ⅰ Restoration Process 1
Chapter 1 Introduction 3
1.1 Human-Caused Ecological Change 4
1.2 The Historical Roots of Ecological Restoration 7
Colonial solutions for new realms 7
Soil and water protection 8
Restoring natural heritage 11
Community-based restoration 14
1.3Defining Ecological Restoration 15
1.4 Motivations and Incentives for Ecological Restoration 16
Cultural drivers 17
Economic drivers 18
Demographic drivers 20
Technological drivers 21
Sociopolitical drivers 22
1.5 Major Purposes of Ecological Restoration 24
Species-based restoration 25
Restoration of ecosystem function 25
Restoration of ecosystem services 26
A comprehensive framework 27
Summary 28
Apply What You’ve Learned 29
Chapter 2 Diagnosis and Goal Setting 31
2.1 Building Conceptual Ecological Models 32
2.2 Drivers of Ecological Change 34
Habitat conversion 36
Pollution 37
Overexploitation 38
Species introductions 40
Climate change 41
Natural drivers 41
2.3 Ecological Effects 42
Population declines 44
Effects of habitat fragmentation 45
Spread of introduced species 48
Species interactions 49
Disturbances and succession 51
Ecosystem decline 52
2.4 Assessing Current Conditions 55
Ecoregions 55
Landscape analysis 56
Site analysis 60
Species analysis 62
2.5 Synoptic Assessment of Ecological Resilience 64
Resilience and response to stress 65
Resilience classification schemes 66
2.6 Establishing Goals for Ecological Restoration 67
Approaches to goal setting 67
Crafting SMART goals 69
Goal setting for large-scale and high-risk restorations 70
Using and refining goals during the restoration process 73
Summary 73
Apply What You’ve Learned 74
Chapter 3 Planning 77
3.1 Components of a Restoration Plan 77
3.2 Planners and Stakeholders 79
3.3 Scope of Planning 81
3.4 Overview of the Planning Process 83
3.5 Selecting and Building Scenarios 84
Selecting scenarios 85
Building scenarios 87
3.6 Evaluating Alternative Futures 88
3.7 Investigating Restoration Techniques 90
Identifying potentially suitable techniques 90
Restoration strategies and resilience 91
3.8 Assessing the Feasibility of Proposed Restoration Plans 93
3.9 Using and Refining Plans 95
Summary 96
Apply What You’ve Learned 97
Chapter 4 Social and Institutional Support 99
4.1 Societal Mechanisms for Creating Restoration Opportunities 100
Legal mechanisms 100
Economic mechanisms 103
Social and behavioral mechanisms 106
4.2 Organizations Engaged in Ecological Restorations 108
Government 108
Education，business，and industry 110
Nongovernmental organizations 115
Community-based organizations 116
4.3 Establishing and Sustaining Community-Based Organizations 118
Launching a community-based organization 118
Leadership and governance 120
Financial planning and fundraising 121
Volunteers，staff，and project management 121
Collaborating with other organizations 124
4.4 Organizational Resilience 125
Situation awareness 126
Management of keystone vulnerabilities 127
Adaptive capacity 129
Summary 130
Apply What You’ve Learned 132
Chapter 5 Monitoring and Evaluation 133
5.1 Adaptive Management 134
5.2 Choosing Monitoring Parameters 139
5.3 Monitoring Protocols 145
Data collection methods 145
Timing，frequency，and duration 146
Spatial issues 148
5.4 Interpreting Monitoring Data 153
Comparisons to reference sites 153
Data analysis 155
Using data for decision making 156
5.5 Managing Project Records and Monitoring Data Sets 158
Case histories 160
Data management 160
5.6 Planning Monitoring Logistics 161
Summary 163
Apply What You’ve Learned 164
Part Ⅱ Restoration Approaches 167
Chapter 6 Landforms and Hydrology 169
6.1 Wind 171
Wind-shaped landforms 171
Human alterations to aeolian processes 172
Restoration of wind-eroded landscapes 174
6.2 Surface Runoff and Erosion 177
Water movement through landscapes 178
Human alterations to surface runoff 180
Restoration approaches for reducing surface runoff and soil erosion 182
6.3 Groundwater 187
Groundwater movement 187
Human alterations to groundwater supplies 188
Restoration of groundwater flow systems 189
6.4 Inland Wetland and Lake Hydrology 191
Hydrology of wetlands and lakes 192
Human alterations to wetland hydrology 194
Restoration of wetland hydrology 196
6.5 River Hydrology and Landforms 201
Processes that shape rivers 202
Human alterations to river landforms and hydrology 207
Restoration approaches for rivers 209
6.6 Estuarine and Marine Environments 216
Landforms and hydrology in coastal environments 216
Human alterations to coastal landforms and hydrology 218
Restoration of estuarine and marine landforms and hydrology 220
6.7 Monitoring Landform and Hydrologic Change in Response to Restoration Action 223
Summary 225
Apply What You’ve Learned 227
Chapter 7 Soil and Water Quality 229
7.1 The Critical Zone 230
Environments within the critical zone 230
Biogeochemical cycles 231
Biota in the critical zone 233
Human-caused changes to biogeochemical cycles 235
7.2 Rebuilding Impoverished Soils 244
Soil recovery and revegetation 246
Topsoil handling and application 247
Accelerating soil development 248
7.3 Reducing Nutrient Levels in Overenriched Soils 251
7.4 Remediating Toxic Soils 252
Contaminant sources 253
Treatments for soil acidity and salinity 255
Treatments for metals and organic toxins 256
7.5 Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment 258
7.6 Reversing Eutrophication in Aquatic Systems 261
Eutrophication in marine and coastal ecosystems 261
Eutrophication in freshwater lakes and rivers 263
7.7 Remediating Toxins in Surface Waters 264
Treatments for acidity and metals 265
Treatments for oil spills 267
7.8 Monitoring Changes in Water and Soil Quality 268
Monitoring water quality 269
Monitoring soil quality 271
Summary 273
Apply What You’ve Learned 275
Chapter 8 Plants 277
8.1 Facilitating Natural Recolonization 278
Propagule sources for natural recolonization 279
Promoting establishment 282
Nurse plants and catalysts 284
Limitations of natural recolonization 285
8.2 Invasive Plant Control 286
Landscape-level invasive plant control 289
Site-based invasive plant control 290
Herbicide use in ecological restoration 292
Devising and implementing an invasive plant control strategy 295
8.3 General Considerations for Planting and Seeding 296
Species selection 297
Plants or seeds？ 299
Sources of seeds and plants 300
Cultivar use in ecological restoration 303
8.4 Using Seeds for Revegetation 305
Seeds in topsoil transfers 305
Designing seed mixes 306
Seeding rates 307
Seed collecting 308
Seed cleaning and storage 310
Dormancy and germination 311
Seed quality 312
Seeding methods 313
8.5 Using Plants for Revegetation 314
Nursery-produced plants 315
Vegetative transplants 317
Planting plans 318
Plant installation 321
8.6 Restoring Microbial Mutualists 322
8.7 Establishing and Managing Plant Communities 325
8.8 Monitoring Restored Plant Communities and Populations 327
Summary 332
Apply What You’ve Learned 334
Chapter 9 Invertebrates 337
9.1 Invertebrate Habitat 338
9.2 Selecting Focal Invertebrates 341
9.3 Habitat Restoration 344
Habitat structure 344
Habitat heterogeneity 347
Landscape-scale stressors 349
Single-species considerations 352
9.4 Nontarget Impacts of Restoration Actions on Invertebrates 353
9.5 Control of Introduced Invertebrates 354
9.6 Invertebrate Species Translocations 356
Establishing a rationale for translocations 356
Founding populations 357
Releases 361
9.7 Management of Invertebrate Habitat 364
9.8 Monitoring Invertebrates in Restored Ecosystems 366
Summary 368
Apply What You’ve Learned 371
Chapter 10 Vertebrates 373
10.1 Selecting Focal Vertebrates 374
10.2 Reducing Effects of Fragmentation and Lost Connectivity 377
10.3 Site-Based Habitat Restoration 380
10.4 Curbing Overexploitation 385
10.5 Manipulating Trophic Interactions 389
10.6 Controlling Introduced Vertebrates 390
Eradication versus reduction 390
Physical methods 392
Chemical methods 393
Biological methods 394
Devising a control program 395
Unexpected consequences of invasive vertebrate control 395
10.7 Vertebrate Species Translocations 397
Translocation assessment and planning 397
Source populations 399
Captive breeding 401
Releases 405
10.8 Monitoring Vertebrates in Restored Ecosystems 409
Summary 412
Apply What You’ve Learned 414
Part Ⅲ Restoration Cases 415
Case A Alaska’s North Slope 417
Case B Baghmara Community Forest 425
Case C Carpentaria Ghost Nets Programme 431
Case D Great Barrier Reef Marine Park 437
Case E Jarrah Forests 447
Case F Large Blue Butterfly 455
Case G Mana Island 461
Case H Minneapolis Chain of Lakes 471
Case I Monte Pascoal-Pau Brasil Corridor Project 479
Case J Namaqualand Restoration Initiative 485
Case K Neal Smith National Wildlife Refuge 493
Case L Provo River 503
Case M Sargent’s Cherry Palm 513
Case N Skjern River 521
Case O Sudbury Barrens 527
Case P Sweetwater Marsh 535
Case Q Tasmanian Devil 543
Case R Tram Chim National Park 551
Case S Westhoek Nature Reserve 559
Illustration Credits 569
Glossary 571
References 581
Index 603