INTRODUCTION A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY,ITS CONCEPT,ORIGINS,SCOPE AND ECONOMIC FUNCTIONS 1
1.Definition and scope of industrial property 1
2.Industrial property:a legal mechanism embedded in the fabric of every free,market-oriented economy 3
3.Industrial property,an integral element of competition policy 9
a)The first level of interoperability:industrial property needs competition law 9
b)The second level of interoperability:competition law needs industrial property 10
c)A special note on the interface between patent and competition law 11
(ⅰ)Patents and monopolies 12
(ⅱ)Abuses of patent rights 17
d)Patents and trademarks at a crossroads 19
e)Industrial property,competition law and repression of unfair competition 22
4.The global harmonization of industrial property 23
a)Harmonization of industrial property and the rationale of market access 23
b)Harmonization of industrial property and the rationale of foreign direct investment 25
5.A final note on TRIPS "flexibilities" 28
PREAMBLE AGREEMENT ON TRADE-RELATED ASPECTS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 35
1.The scope,the nature and the function of the TRIPS Agreement 36
a)The scope of the TRIPS Agreement 36
b)The dynamic dimension of the TRIPS Agreement 39
c)The nature and the function of the Agreement 41
(Ⅰ)The first objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to reduce distortions and impediments to international trade 44
(Ⅱ)The second objective of the TRIPS Agreement:to protect private property rights 45
2.TRIPS-intellectual property and trade 47
a)TRIPS and the GATT 50
b)The WTO and WIPO 57
3.Intellectual property and economic development 62
PART Ⅰ GENERAL PROVISIONS AND BASIC PRINCIPLES 69
Article 1 Nature and Scope of Obligations 71
1.The TRIPS Agreement:a minimum standards agreement 72
2.Method of implementing the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement 77
3.Implementation 81
4.The scope of TRIPS Obligations 85
Article 2 Intellectual Property Conventions 89
1.The objective of the Paris Convention:the articulation of national industrial property systems 89
2.The national treatment principle under the Paris Convention 90
3.The principle of priority 93
4.The principle of independence 93
a)Independence of patents 93
b)Independence of trademarks 96
c)Independence of designs 97
5.Article 5 of the Paris Convention and trade protectionism 99
6.From the Paris Convention to the TRIPS Agreement 99
7.The relationship between the TRIPS Agreement and the Paris Convention 101
Article 3 National Treatment 111
1.The"no less favourable"treatment standard of the TRIPS Agreement as opposed to the "same"treatment standard of the Paris Convention 111
2.The concept of"necessity" in the TRIPS Agreement 116
3.Two GATT Panel Reports on the national treatment principle and Article XX(d)of the GATT 1947 119
4.The principle of national treatment in the European Communities cases 122
5.Scope and reach of the footnote to Article 3 126
Article 4 Most-Favoured-Nation Treatment 131
1.The most-favoured-nation treatment principle 131
2.The mfn principle and the national treatment principle:a rule of thumb 132
3.Scope of the mfn principle 133
4.Exemptions from the mfn principle 134
Article 5 Multilateral Agreements on Acquisition or Maintenance of Protection 139
1.The scope of the exemption under Article 5 139
2.An example of an admissible exemption:Discriminatory reduction of fees 141
Article 6 Exhaustion 143
1.The meaning of Article 6 143
2.Exhaustion 147
3.The legal implications of international exhaustion 156
4.A third modality of exhaustion:Controlled international exhaustion 166
Article 7 Objectives 169
1.The scope and the meaning of Article 7 169
2.Transfer and dissemination of technology 174
3.The meaning of the expression "balance of rights and obligations" 179
4.The relationship between Article 7 and Article 67 184
Article 8 Principles 187
Paragraph 1 188
1.The conditions for the application of Article 8.1 188
2.Article 8.1 and non-violation complaints 190
3.The TRIPS Agreement and Public Health 191
4.The Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health-The overlooked role of trademarks 197
Paragraph 2 202
PART Ⅱ STANDARDS CONCERNING THE AVAILABILITY,SCOPE AND USE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS 205
Section 2:Trademarks 207
Article 15 Protectable Subject Matter 207
Paragraph 1 207
1.A brief history of the negotiations 207
2.A functional definition of trademarks 212
3.Signs that can constitute trademarks 214
4.The TRIPS Agreement covers collective marks but not certification marks 216
5.Service marks 221
6.The condition of distinctiveness 222
7.Non-visually perceptible marks:sounds,scents and tastes 231
8.Signs that are not inherently capable of distinguishing v.signs that are inherently incapable of distinguishing 235
Paragraph 2 236
Paragraph 3 243
Paragraph 4 247
Paragraph 5 253
Article 16 Rights Conferred 257
Paragraph 1 257
1.The history and the scope of Article 16.1 257
2.Likelihood of confusion 262
3.Prior rights 266
Paragraph 2 271
1.Objectives and scope of Article 16.2 271
2.The protection of well-known marks does not depend on actual use 272
3.Well-known trademarks do not need to be reputed:notoriety suffices 275
4.The quantitative approach of Article 16.2 275
5.Elements that can assist in identifying a well-known mark 280
6.The scope of Article 16.2 contrasts with that of Article 16.1 281
7.Registration as a condition for enforcing rights in well-known marks 281
8.The ultimate criterion:Prohibition of parasitic and dishonest practices 282
9.Article 16.2 does not apply to trademarks that are not eligible for protection under Article 15.1 and 2 285
Paragraph 3 286
Article 17 Exceptions 293
Article 18 Term of Protection 307
Article 19 Requirement of Use 309
Paragraph 1 309
1.The relationship between Articles 19.1 and 15.3 309
2.The history and scope of Article 19.1 310
3.The justification of lack of actual use 313
Paragraph 2 319
Article 20 Other Requirements 323
1.The history and the scope of Article 20 323
2.The five elements of Article 20 328
3.The relationship between Article 20 and Article 17 332
4.The meaning of the second sentence of Article 20 334
5.The implementation of Article 20 - interpretation and practice 335
6.Article 20 and public health 343
Article 21 Licensing and Assignment 347
1.The scope of Article 21 347
2.Quality control 351
3.Compulsory licenses of trademarks 352
4.Compulsory assignments of trademarks 355
5.Solutions alternative to trademark compulsory licensing 356
a)Prohibitions of use and cancellation of registration 356
b)Limitations on injunctions 357
6.Article 21 and Article 6quater(1)of the Paris Convention 365
7.The implementation of Article 21 366
Section 3:Geographical Indications 369
Article 22 Protection of Geographical Indications 369
Paragraph 3 369
Article 23 Additional Protection for Geographical Indications for Wines and Spirits 383
Paragraph 2 383
Article 24 International Negotiations; Exceptions 387
Paragraph 5 387
Paragraph 7 392
Section 4:Industrial Designs 395
Article 25 Requirements for Protection 395
Paragraph 1 395
Paragraph 2 406
Article 26 Protection 413
Paragraph 1 413
Paragraph 2 415
1.Exceptions to rights in industrial designs 415
2.Exceptions regarding aircraft spare parts:The Convention on International Civil Aviation 415
3.Compulsory licenses of industrial designs 419
Paragraph 3 423
PART Ⅴ DISPUTE PREVENTION AND SETTLEMENT 427
Article 64 Dispute Settlement 429
1.Objectives and nature of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 429
2.The new features of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 431
3.Conciliatory steps 432
4.The outcome of the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 433
5.Specific issues concerning the withdrawal of concessions in the TRIPS Agreement 434
6.Non-violation and situation complaints 436
7.The special(and overlooked)interest of LDCs in non-violation complaints 442
8.Trademark-related disputes 443
9.Lessons from the Dispute Settlement Mechanism 445
a)First lesson:good intentions do not count 445
b)Second lesson:more(protection)is always better than less 446
c)Third lesson:international trade has reasons that the Reason does not know 446
PART Ⅵ TRANSITIONAL ARRANGEMENTS 449
Article 65 Transitional Arrangements 451
Paragraph 5 451
1.Standstill 451
2.Standstill and LDCs 452
Article 66 Least-Developed Country Members 459
Paragraph 1 459
Paragraph 2 465
Article 70 Protection of Existing Subject Matter 471
Paragraph 1 471
Paragraph 2 474
Paragraph 3 476
Paragraph 4 477
Annex 479
Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights 479
Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property 517
Index 531