1 Television regulation and the 'cultural policy toolkit':the analytical framework 1
Globalisation, new technologies, deregulation and the'cultural policy toolkit' 1
Deregulatory competition: three hypotheses 4
Choice of case studies 8
Our comparative approach: congruence between political systems and media systems and the danger of typologies 12
Convergence? Or historical institutional path dependencies? 15
2 The USA: archetype and motor of deregulation 18
The US production industry 18
Regulatory context 20
Independent TV production 24
Public broadcasting 25
Media ownership rules 26
External policy: the USA as a motor of deregulation 32
3 Canada: complex responses to a dominant neighbour 34
The three ages of Canadian television 35
Broadcasting and regulatory policy 36
Public service broadcasting 40
Canadian content quotas and expenditure requirements 43
Media ownership rules 50
External policy: mobilising international support for culture 55
Conclusion 58
4 France: meeting the Anglo-Saxon challenge 61
The three ages of French television 61
Public service broadcasting 66
Adaptation of PSB to new media and the Sarkozy reform 70
Is French PSB distorting the market? 74
Quotas and subsidies 75
Media ownership rules 79
External policy 82
Conclusion 85
5 The United Kingdom: the paradox of public service,plurality and the market 87
The three ages of UK television 87
Public service broadcasting 90
Quotas and subsidies 102
Media ownership rules 103
External policy 107
Conclusion 108
6 Germany: public service in a dual broadcasting system 111
The three ages of German television 111
Public service broadcasting 115
Adaptation of PSB to new media 118
Is German PSB distorting the market? 121
Quotas and subsidies 125
Media ownership rules 127
External audiovisual policy 129
Conclusion 129
7 The European Union: agent of deregulation or reregulation? 131
Analytical framework 133
Policy-making in the European Union's fragmented, multi-level system of governance 135
Negative integration: the Television Without Frontiers Directive (TWFD) 137
Modest positive integration: E U quotas and subsidies 140
The revision of the TWFD: the 2007 Audiovisual Media Services Directive (A VMSD) 146
International trade and cultural diversity: the EU shield 148
Failed positive integration: EU media ownership regulation 151
EU stateaidpolicy 154
The impact of convergence on PSB 161
Conclusion 162
8 The problems of small countries 164
The literature on small countries in Europe 164
Small country problems in the European single market 167
Country of origin principle in the EU 170
PSB in small countries in Europe 174
PSB in small countries and the E U state aid rules 187
Conclusion 189
9 Conclusion 191
Appendix 198
Bibliography 205
Index 229