PART ONE.THE ORIGINAL CIVIL RIGHTS STATUTES AND CONSTITUTIONAL LITIGATION 2
Chapter 1.Section 1983—State Interference With Civil Rights 2
A.Introduction 2
B.Elements of a Plaintiff’s § 1983 Claim—Deprivations of Constitu- tional Rights 22
C.Elements of a Plaintiff’s § 1983 Claim—Action “Under Color of” Law 130
D.Official Immunity From Liability for Damages 170
E.State-Law Defenses and Sections 1988 and 1738 220
F.Relief 238
G.Limitations on Relief 291
H.Suits Against Governments 370
I. Expansion and Contraction of § 1983 431
PART TWO.SEMI-CONSTITUTIONAL STATUTES： THE POWER OF CONGRESS TO EXPAND CONSTITUTION-BASED RIGHTS 444
Chapter 2.Sections 1981 and 1982—Private Racial Discrimination and the Thirteenth Amendment 444
A.The Process of Rebirth—and a Suggestion of Limits 444
B.Section 1982 and Equal Property Rights 460
C.Section 1981 and Equal Contracting Rights 478
Chapter 3.Section 1985（3）： Equal Security， Conspiracies， and Dual Constitutional Sources 513
A.Resuscitation and Possibilities 513
B.The Years of Experimentation 523
C.The End of Experimentation？ 536
D.The Death of Constitutional Experimentation and the Violence Against Women Act 552
Chapter 4.Applying the Older Civil Rights Statutes to Federal Officials 562
A.Statutory Claims 562
B.Alternatives to the Older Statutes： Direct Constitutional Claims 568
PART THREE. SECOND RECONSTRUCTION AND BEYOND—THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACTS， 1964 TO PRESENT 594
Chapter 5. Title Ⅱ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964—Public Accommodations and Congressional Power Under the Commerce Clause 594
Chapter 6. Title Ⅵ and Its Analogues—Civil Rights as a Regulatory Regime 606
A.Defining “Discrimination”： The Intent—or—Effects Controversy 608
B.Defining “Discrimination”： “Reasonable Accommodation” for Disabled Persons 625
C.The Reach of Title Ⅵ and Its Analogues 662
D.Enforcement by Privately-Initiated Litigation 684
E.Affirmative Action and Title Ⅵ 709
Chapter 7. Title Ⅶ and Its Analogues—Employment Discrimination 723
A.“Discrimination” Proscribed： Standards and Defenses 724
B.Special Problems and Extended Analysis 774
C.Relief 832
D.Affirmative Action， Settlements， and the Tension in Title Ⅶ 851
Chapter 8. Voting Rights Act of 1965—Discrimination in Voting 881
A. Congress’ Constitutional Power 881
B.Coverage and Enforcement—Regionally Precleared “Effects，” Na- tionwide “Results” 908