1.INTRODUCTION 1
STIMULATION 2
SENSORY RECEPTORS 2
SENSATION，PERCEPTION AND RELATED DISCIPLINES 4
PLAN OF THE BOOK 5
CLASSIFICATION OF MODALITIES 6
WHY STUDY SENSATION AND PERCEPTION 8
2.PSYCHOPHYSICS 11
DETECTION AND THE ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD 12
THEORY OF SIGNAL DETECTION 15
SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION 20
THE DIFFERENTIAL THRESHOLD 23
FECHNER’S LAW 24
STEVENS’ POWER LAW 25
THE RELATIVITY OF PSYCHOPHYSICAL JUDGMENTS 28
SUMMARY 29
3.THE ORIENTING SYSTEM 31
THE MAMMALIAN ORIENTING SYSTEM 33
Vestibular Stimulation 35
Vestibular Nystagmus 37
OculogyralIllusion 37
Visually Induced Illusions of Motion 38
Vestibular Adaptation and Habituation 39
Deficiencies of the Vestibular Mechanism 39
Other Mechanisms for Orientation 41
Motion Sickness 41
SUMMARY 43
4.THE AUDITORY SYSTEM 47
THE PHYSICAL STIMULUS 48
Frequency 48
Amplitude 49
Complexity 53
Resonance 54
Phase 55
ANATOMY AND MECHANISMS OF THE EAR 55
The Outer Ear 56
The Middle Ear 58
The Inner Ear 58
The Auditory Nerve 60
Bone Conduction 61
FUNCTIONING OF THE INNER EAR 63
The Place Theory 63
The Frequency Theory 66
AUDITORY PATHOLOGY 67
Tinnitus 67
Presbyacusis 67
Hearing Loss 68
COMPARATIVE AUDITORY STRUCTURES 70
SUMMARY 72
5.COMPLEX AUDITORY PHENOMENA Ⅰ：PSYCHOACOUSTICS 75
PERCEPTION OF INTENSITY 76
Intensity Discrimination 77
Loudness 77
Loudness and Frequency 77
PERCEPTION OF FREQUENCY 80
Frequency Discrimination 80
Pitch 80
Pitch and Intensity 81
HEARING AND TEMPORAL EFFECTS 81
EFFECTS OF MULTIPLE TONAL STIMULATION 82
Beats 82
Combination Tones 83
Masking 83
Sound-Induced Hearing Loss （Auditory Fatigue and Adaptation） 85
SUBJECTIVE TONAL ATTRIBUTES 86
Volume and Density 86
Consonance 87
SUMMARY 87
6.COMPLEX AUDITORY PHENOMENA Ⅱ：SOUND AS INFORMATION 89
CEREBRAL DOMINANCE AND HEARING 90
AUDITORY SPACE PERCEPTION 93
Monaural Cues 93
Binaural Cues 93
Echolocation 98
Obstacle Perception by the Blind 99
THE PERCEPTION OF MUSIC 101
Acoustic Dimensions of Music 101
Octaves，Musical Notation and Scales 101
Absolute or Perfect Pitch 103
Perception of Pitch Sequences：Melodies 103
Temporal Organization 104
Chromesthesia and Music 104
Function of Music Perception 105
THE PERCEPTION OF SPEECH 105
Speech Sounds 107
SPEECH PERCEPTION WITH SOUND DISTORTION 108
Frequency Cutoffs 108
Context 109
Speech Blanking 109
Segmented Speech 110
THEORIES OF SPEECH PERCEPTION 110
Motor Theory of Speech Perception 110
Linguistic Feature Detectors 112
Speech Mode of Perception 113
ANIMAL COMMUNICATION 114
SUMMARY 115
7.SOMESTHESIS Ⅰ：KINESTHESIS AND CUTANEOUS SENSE 119
KINESTHESIS 120
THE SKIN AND CUTANEOUS EXPERIENCE 120
Distribution of Cutaneous Sensitivity 122
THE SKIN AND THE BRAIN 123
Receptive Fields 123
PRESSURE AND TOUCH 125
Thresholds for Pressure 126
Point Localization for Pressure 127
Two-Point Threshold 127
Aristotle’s Illusion 128
Adaptation to Pressure 129
COMPLEX TOUCH PHENOMENA 130
Reading with the Skin 130
The Todoma Method 132
Pressure Phosphenes 132
Seeing with the Skin 133
THE HAPTIC SYSTEM 135
Tactual Stereognosis 135
Roughness Enhancement 136
SUMMARY 136
8.SOMESTHESIS Ⅱ：TEMPERATURE AND PAIN 139
TEMPERATURE 140
Thermal Adaptation 140
Temperature Discrimination 142
Paradoxical Thermal Sensations 142
THEORIES OF THERMAL PERCEPTION 143
PAIN 144
Function of Pain Perception 144
Pain Due to Overstimulation 145
The Nociceptor 146
The Qualities of Pain 146
The Pain Stimulus and Pain Thresholds 146
Subjective Factors in Pain Experience 147
Pain Adaptation 148
THEORIES OF PAIN 148
Spinal Gate Control TheoRY of Pain 148
Acupuncture 151
Endorphins and Enkephalins 151
SUMMARY 152
9.THE CHEMICAL SENSORY SYSTEM Ⅰ：TASTE 155
THE CHEMICAL STIMULUS AND TASTE EXPERIENCE 157
The Chemical Stimulus for Taste 158
ANATOMY OF TASTE RECEPTION 158
THRESHOLDS OF TASTE 160
Taste Thresholds and Genetics 162
Scaling of Taste Intensity 162
Taste Abnormalities and Disease 163
ADAPTATION 163
Adaptation-Produced Potentiation 164
Cross-Adaptation 164
TASTE INTERACTIONS 164
TASTE MODIFIERS 165
NEURAL RECORDING 165
Cross-Fiber Patterning 166
THE BEST STIMULUS AND LABELED LINES：TASTE RECEPTOR SPECIFICITY 167
TASTE PREFERENCES AND TASTE WORLDS 168
Taste Preference and Deprivation 169
Origins of Taste Preferences 169
Conditioned Taste Aversion 169
Culture and Taste Preferences 170
Taste Preference and Flavor 170
SUMMARY 171
10.THE CHEMICAL SENSORY SYSTEM Ⅱ：SMELL 175
CHEMICAL CORRELATES OF ODOR QUALITY 177
CLASSIFICATION OF ODOR QUALITY 177
Stereochemical TheoRY：Lock and Key 177
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE OLFACTORY SYSTEM 179
Plasticity of the Olfactory System 181
Olfactory Coding 181
THRESHOLDS 182
Thresholds and Gender 183
Thresholds and Age 184
ADAPTATION 185
ODOR MIXTURES 185
ODOR PREFERENCES 185
IDENTIFICATION AND MEMORY OF ODORS 186
Odors and Emotion 187
OLFACTORY DISORDERS 188
THE ODOR OF DISEASE 188
PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF OLFACTION：PHEROMONES 188
The Vomeronasal System 190
Human Pheromones 190
COMMON CHEMICAL SENSE 191
Effective Stimulus for the Common Chemical Sense 192
Preference for Irritating Trigeminal Stimuli 192
SUMMARY 193
11.THE VISUAL SYSTEM 196
THE PHYSICAL STIMULUS 198
Wavelength 199
Intensity 199
Reception 200
ANATOMY OF THE VERTEBRATE EYE 202
The Retina 206
Eyeball Mobility 208
Placement of the Eyes and the Visual Field 210
ACCOMMODATION 210
REFRACTIVE ERRORS 211
Myopia 213
Lens Aberrations 214
Astigmatism 215
PUPIL MOBILITY 215
Pupillometry 217
EYEBLINKS 217
EYE AND BRAIN 217
Receptive Fields 218
Receptive Fields for the Visual Cortex 220
SUMMARY 224
12.FUNDAMENTAL VISUAL FUNCTIONS AND PHENOMENA 227
SCOTOPIC AND PHOTOPIC VISION 228
ADAPTATION 228
The Photochemical Basis of Dark Adaptation 229
Spectral Sensitivity and the Purkinje Shift 230
LIMITS OF BASIC VISUAL FUNCTION 232
Absolute Threshold for Intensity 232
Factors Affecting the Absolute Threshold 233
Perceiving Continuity from Intermittent Light：The CFF 233
ACUITY 234
Visual Angle 236
Acuity and Retinal Locus 238
Additional Factors 239
EYE MOVEMENTS 240
Saccades 240
Saccades and Reading 240
Pursuit Movements 243
Vergence Movements 243
Miniature Eye Movements 243
Mixed Mode Eye Movements 243
Development of Efficient Eye Movements 243
SUMMARY 244
13.THE PERCEPTION OF COLOR 247
THE NATURE OF COLOR 248
Color Spindle 250
COLOR MATCHING 251
COLOR MIXTURE 251
Additive Color Mixture 252
Subtractive Color Mixture 254
AFTERIMAGES 255
Successive and Simultaneous Contrast 255
MEMORY COLOR 256
THEORIES OF COLOR PERCEPTION 256
The Young-Helmholtz Theory （Trichromatic Receptor Theory） 257
Opponent-Process Theory 258
Color Coding Beyond the Retina 259
Ladd-Franklin Theory 262
DEFECTIVE COLOR VISION 262
Anomalous Trichromatism 263
Dichromatism 263
Monochromatism 264
Cortical Color Blindness 264
SUBJECTIVE COLORS 265
SUMMARY 266
14.THE PERCEPTION OF FORM AND SHAPE 269
CONTOUR AND CONTRAST PERCEPTION 270
Border Contrast，Lateral Inhibition，and Mach Bands 272
Lightness Contrast 273
Hermann Grid 274
The Ganzfeld：Perception in a Homogeneous Field 275
Stabilized Image 276
SPATIAL FREQUENCIES 278
Contrast Sensitivity Function 278
Selective Adaptation 281
Image Processing：Block Portraits 282
Spatial Frequency and Acuity 282
Role of Spatial Frequency Analysis in Vision 283
FIGURE-GROUND DIFFERENTIATION 285
Ambiguous Figure-Ground Relationships 285
Perceptual Differences between Figure and Ground 288
Figure-Ground and Lightness 288
Figure-Ground and Perceptual Organization 290
GESTALT GROUPING PRINCIPLES 291
Nearness or Proximity 292
Similarity 292
Good Configuration 292
Measures of Grouping Effects 293
Subjective Contours 295
Law of Pragnanz 299
MASKING 300
Masking and Saccadic Omission 301
Facilitative Interaction 302
AFTEREFFECTS 303
Figural Aftereffects 303
Shape Affereffects 303
Contingent Affereffects 305
PERCEPTUAL SET 306
FIGURAL ORIENTATION AND FORM PERCEPTION 308
SUMMARY 309
15.THE PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT 315
MOVEMENT SYSTEMS OF THE EYE 317
The Image-Retina Movement System 317
Eye-Head Movement System 318
Corollary Discharge and Outflow Signals 318
THE PATTERN OF OPTICAL STIMULATION FOR MOVEMENT PERCEPTION 319
Kinetic Optical Occlusion 319
Optic Flow Patterns 320
Visual Field 321
Thresholds for Movement 321
BIOLOGICAL MOTION 321
DISTORTIONS IN THE PERCEPTION OF MOVEMENT 323
Motion-Produced Depth：Kinetic Depth Effect 323
Anorthoscopic Perception 323
Induced Movement 324
Pulfrich Effect 326
APPARENT MOVEMENT 328
Stroboscopic Movement 328
Motion Pictures 329
Autokinetic Movement 330
Movement Aftereffects 330
THE PREDICTION OF MOTION PATHS 331
SUMMARY 334
16.THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE Ⅰ：SPATIAL CUES AND CONSTANCY 337
MONOCULAR CUES FOR SPATIAL PERCEPTION 338
Interposition 338
Aerial Perspective or Clearness 338
Shading and Lighting 339
Elevation 340
Linear Perspective 341
Texture Gradients 342
Relative Size 343
Pictorial Perception 344
Motion Parallax 347
Motion Perspective 350
Familiar Size 350
Accommodation 352
Scene Perception 352
Gibson’s Direct Approach to the Perception of Depth and Distance 353
BINOCULAR CUES 354
Convergence 354
Binocular Disparity 354
Corresponding Retinal Points and the Horopter 356
Stereopsis 357
Cyclopean Perception 358
THE VISUAL CLIFF 361
CONSTANCY 362
Lightness Constancy 363
Size Constancy 365
Shape Constancy 368
SUMMARY 371
17.THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE Ⅱ：ILLUSIONS 375
TRANSACTIONALISM AND THE AMES ILLUSIONS 376
The Trapezoidal Window 377
The Distorted Room 378
THE HORIZONTAL-VERTICAL ILLUSION 380
THE MOON ILLUSION 381
Angle-of-Regard Hypothesis 381
Apparent Distance Hypothesis 381
Relative Size Hypothesis 383
THE MULLER-LYER ILLUSION 384
THE PONZO ILLUSION 386
THE POGGENDORFF ILLUSION 389
The Poggendorff Illusion and Perspective Constancy 390
The Poggendorff and Muller-Lyer Illusion 391
OTHER ILLUSIONS 393
THEORETICAL CONSIDERATIONS 393
Multiple Determinants of Illusions 394
Multiple Illusion Figures 397
AMBIGUOUS，REVERSIBLE，AND MULTISTABLE FIGURES 398
IMPOSSIBLE FIGURES 400
SUMMARY 403
18.THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTION 405
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SENSORY SYSTEM 406
Cortical Effects of Restriction 407
Cortical Effects of Biased and Selective Visual Stimulation 407
Restriction and Restoration of Vision with Humans 408
DEVELOPMENT OF THE PERCEPTION OF SPACE 410
Depth Perception 410
Development of Object Avoidance：Looming 411
PERCEPTION OF THE NEWBORN HUMAN 412
Auditory-Visual Events 413
Eye Fixations and Scanning 413
Form Perception 415
Color Perception 418
DEVELOPMENT OF VISUAL ACUITY 419
The Oblique Effect 419
VISION AND AGING 420
The Eye and Aging 420
Visual Acuity and Aging 421
Retinal Effects of Aging 421
CONCLUSIONS 422
SUMMARY 422
19.THE DEVELOPMENT OF PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR COORDINATION 425
PERCEPTUAL-MOTOR COORDINATION 425
Visually Guided Behavior：Visual Placing 427
PERCEPTUAL ADAPTATION TO DISTORTED OPTICAL STIMULATION 429
Reafference 431
Active Movements and Adaptation 432
Comparative Studies 433
Active versus Passive Movement 435
SUMMARY 435
20.THE PERCEPTION OF TIME 437
BIOLOGICAL BASIS OF TIME PERCEPTION 438
Hoagland’s Hypothesis：The Biological Clock 438
Time Perception and the EEG 440
Drugs 440
COGNITIVE THEORIES OF TIME PERCEPTION 441
Ornstein’s Theory：Information Storage 441
Number of Events 441
Complexity 442
Task Familiarity 443
Organization and Memory 443
Cognitive-Attentional Theory 444
Biological Versus Cognitive Basis of Time Perception 445
TIME PERCEPTION AND SPATIAL SCALE 446
TIME PERCEPTION AND SPATIAL EVENTS：THE TAU- AND KAPPA-EFFECTS 447
SUMMARY 448
21.SENSATION，PERCEPTION，AND ATTENTION：SELECTED TOPICS 451
SELECTIVE ATTENTION 452
Divided Attention 452
Visual Search 454
DUAL PROCESSING：SIMULTANEOUSLY RESPONDING TO MULTIPLE INPUTS 457
Controlled and Automatic Processes 457
The Stroop Effect 458
Dual Attention 459
VISUAL MEMORY：THE ICON 460
VISUAL IMAGERY 461
SUMMARY 462
GLOSSARY 465
REFERENCES 493
AUTHOR INDEX 537
SUBJECT INDEX 547