PART Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 3
1. Historical Evolution 3
1. General 3
2. Early History 3
3. Extraterritoriality 7
4. Modern Developments 17
5. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 23
2. Definitions 28
1. Consular Officers 28
2. Members of Family 31
3. Classification 34
1. General 34
2. Classification of Consuls by Rank 34
3. Classification of Consular Posts and Districts 36
4. Classification of Consular Sections of Diplomatic Missions 37
5. Consular Agents 38
6. Consular Employees 39
PART Ⅱ. CONSULAR RELATIONS IN GENERAL 45
4. Consular Relations and Consular Posts 45
1. General 45
2. Consular Relations between Commonwealth Countries 46
3. Criteria for Establishing Consular Posts 47
4. The Principle of Parity 51
5. Size of the Staff 57
6. Where Sending State is also Receiving State 59
7. Consuls for more than One Country 60
8. Absence of Diplomatic Relations 72
9. Non-Recognition 75
10. Consular Status in Third States 80
11. Respect for Local Laws and Non-interference 82
5. Acquisition of Consular Status 87
1. General 87
2. Soviet Practice 90
3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 91
6. Termination of Consular Status 93
1. General 93
2. Notification of Termination by the Sending State 94
3. Withdrawal of Consent 95
4. Death of Consuls 102
5. Extinction of State 102
6. Unrecognized Government 104
7. War, Severance of Diplomatic or Consular Relations, and Closing of Consular Posts 111
8. Termination of Consular Status and Termination of Consular Privileges and Immunities 111
PART Ⅲ. CONSULAR FUNCTIONS 115
7. Consular Functions 115
1. General 115
2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 116
3. The European Convention on Consular Functions 120
4. Consular Training 121
8. Protection of Nationals 124
1. General 124
2. Standards for Consular Protection 129
3. Communication and Contact with Nationals 133
4. Espionage and Security Cases 151
5. Dual Nationality 154
6. Arrested Nationals: United States Consular Instructions 163
7. Prisoner Exchange 173
8. Group Protection 180
9. Death 184
9. Promotion and Protection of Trade 189
1. General 189
2. Trade Reports 193
3. Trade Enquiries and Promotion 194
4. Trade Protection 195
5. Documentation 197
10. Passport and Visa 200
1. Passport 200
2. Types of Passport 203
3. Visa 205
4. Types of Visa 207
5. Reviewability of Visa Denials 222
6. Revocability of Visa 223
7. Simplification of Travel Formalities 224
8. Travel Documents of Unrecognized Regimes 228
11. Notarial and Registration Services 231
1. Notarial 231
2. Unrecognized Regimes 235
3. Proof of Nationality 236
4. Registration 238
5. Adoption and Declaration of Illegitimacy 243
6. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and Other Treaties 244
12. Marriage and Divorce 248
1. Marriage of Nationals 248
2. Divorce of Nationals 256
3. Marriage and Divorce of Consuls 259
13. Estate Functions 262
1. General 262
2. Basis for Consular Intervention 264
3. Intervention in the Absence of Treaties 265
4. Intervention under Treaties 267
5. National Laws and Regulations 275
6. Impossibility of Remittance 279
7. The Vienna and European Conventions 281
8. Summary of Conclusions 281
14. Extradition and Civil Procedure 283
1. General 283
2. Extradition 284
3. Service of Process 287
4. Depositions 290
5. Court Proceedings or Records 293
15. Informational, Cultural, Scientific, and Tourist Functions 295
1. Pre-Vienna Developments 295
2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 298
3. Scientific 299
4. Touristic 300
16. Shipping 303
1. General 303
2. Ships' Papers 307
3. Inspection of Vessels 309
4. Wrecked, Lost, or Stranded Vessels 311
5. Assistance and Protection of Seamen 315
6. Desertion 322
7. Settlement of Disputes 330
8. Criminal Cases 333
9. Civil Cases 340
10. Shipping Inquiries 342
11. Other Functions 343
17. Civil Aviation 344
18. Child Abduction 347
19. Refugees 352
1. General 352
2. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 353
3. The European Convention on Consular Functions 357
4. High Commissioner for Refugees 359
5. Consular Processing of Refugee Applications 360
6. ODP Consuls: Consuls without a Consulate 362
7. Compensation to Refugees 363
20. Protection of Other Non-Nationals 366
1. General 366
2. Stateless Persons 366
3. Permanent Residents 367
4. Nationals of Designated Third States 368
5. Persons of Humanitarian Concern (Including Nationals of the Receiving State) 368
PART Ⅳ. PRIVILEGES AND IMMUNITIES 373
21. Privileges and Immunities 375
1. Distinction between 'Privilege' and 'Immunity' 375
2. The Bases for Privileges and Immunities 375
22. Facilities 377
23. Inviolability of Consular Premises 386
1. General 386
2. The Kasenkina Case 388
3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 389
4. Consular Residences 393
5. Requisition or Expropriation 394
6. Search, Attachment, or Seizure 397
7. Asylum 397
8. Violence against Consular Premises 400
9. Protection against Picketing and Demonstrations 406
10. Exceptional Circumstances 413
11. Honorary Consulates 414
12. Beginning and End of Inviolability 414
24. Writs of Process 419
25. Consular Archives and Documents 424
1. Consular Archives 424
2. Separation of Official from Other Papers 425
3. Consular Archives in Time of War 426
4. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 427
26. Freedom of Movement 429
27. Consular Communications 436
1. General 436
2. With Nationals of the Sending State 436
3. With Other Private Persons or Bodies 437
4. With Officials of Sending State: Peacetime 438
5. With Officials of Sending State: In Time of War or Emergency 440
6. With Officials of Receiving State 442
7. Language of Official Communications 443
8. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 444
9. Consular Courier and Bag 447
10. ILC Draft on the Diplomatic Courier and Bag 448
11. Personal Search and Electronic Screening 453
28. Protection and Inviolability of Consuls 457
1. General 457
2. Protection of Consuls 460
3. The Hostages Case 462
4. Other Terrorist Acts against Consuls 464
5. Multilateral Treaties against Terrorism 467
6. Firearms 470
7. Armed Guards 475
8. Immunity from Arrest, Prosecution, or Imprisonment 476
29. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: The Functional Approach 483
1. General 483
2. Functional Approach 483
3. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 488
4. Determination of Official Functions 492
5. Criteria 496
6. In Re Rissmann 498
7. State of Indiana v. Per L. Strom 501
8. Waiver of Immunities 504
30. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: The Diplomatic Approach 506
1. Treaties Concluded by Communist States 506
2. The Most-Favoured-Nation Clause 507
3. Immunity through Termination of Consular Functions 509
4. Recent US Policy 510
31. Immunity from Local Jurisdiction: Road Traffic Matters 513
1. Traffic Offences and Accidents 513
2. Civil Action 513
3. Criminal Proceedings 516
32. Liability to Give Evidence 526
1. General 526
2. Matters relating to Official Functions 528
3. Disputes concerning 'Official' Source of Information 530
4. Laws of Sending State 531
5. Honorary Consuls 532
6. The Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 532
33. Social Legislation and Civic and Public Services 536
34. Exemption from Taxation 540
1. General 540
2. Income and Property 540
3. Sales and Gasoline Taxes 548
4. Import Duties 550
5. Export Duties 556
6. Customs Inspection 557
PART Ⅴ. HONORARY CONSULS 561
35. Honorary Consuls 563
1. General 563
2. Distinction from Career Consuls 566
3. Criteria for Establishing Honorary Consular Posts 568
4. Appointment 571
5. Functions 576
6. Privileges and Immunities 579
PART Ⅵ. CONSULS, DIPLOMATS, AND THE UNITED NATIONS 591
36. Consuls as Diplomats 593
37. Diplomats as Consuls 601
38. Consuls and the United Nations 605
1. Consuls as Representatives to the United Nations 605
2. Consular Premises and Missions to the United Nations 608
3. Performance of Consular Functions by Missions to the United Nations 609
4. Performance of Consular Functions by the United Nations 613
39. Performance of Consular Functions by Other Officials 616
PART Ⅶ.CONCLUSIONS 622
40. Relations between the Vienna Convention on Consular Relations and Other Treaties 623
41. Settlement of Disputes 630
42. Signature and Accession 637
43. Conclusions 641
Appendices 646
1. Recent Consular Treaties 646
2. The United Nations Conference on Consular Relations 658
3. The Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 692
4. The European Convention on Consular Functions 705
Index 727