1 Introduction 1
Rewards of jurisprudence 2
Jurisprudence 3
The arrangement of the contents of this book 9
Old debates and new frontiers 17
PART 1 LAW AS IT IS 21
2 British Legal Positivism 21
Positivism and logical positivism 22
Thomas Hobbes and Leviathan 28
Jeremy Bentham： law and the principle of utility 30
John Austin’s command theory of law 36
Herbert Hart’s new beginning： the burial of the command concept of law 48
British positivism’s contribution to jurisprudence 56
3 Germanic Legal Positivism： Hans Kelsen’s Quest for the Pure Theory of Law 58
From empiricism to transcendental idealism 59
From transcendental idealism to the pure theory of law 61
Distinguishing legal and moral norms 65
Validity and the basic norm 67
Logical unity of the legal order and determining whether a norm belongs to the legal order 71
Legitimacy and revolution 75
International law 84
An evaluation of the pure theory of law 89
4 Realism in Legal Theory 93
Legal formalism and legal positivism 94
American realism 96
Scandinavian realism 109
PART 2 LAW AND MORALITY 119
5 Natural Law Tradition in Jurisprudence 119
Law of nature， natural right and natural law 120
Two great questions in natural law theory 122
Fusion of law and morals in early societies 123
Natural law thinking in Greek philosophy 125
Reception of natural law in Rome 133
Christian natural law 136
Theological beginnings of a secular natural law 143
Rise of secular natural law： natural rights and social contract 146
John Finnis’ restatement of classical natural law 151
The enduring legacy of natural law theory 159
6 Separation of Law and Morality 161
Lon Fuller on the morality of law 161
Ronald Dworkin and the integrity of law 173
PART 3 SOCIAL DIMENSIONS OF LAW 185
7 Sociological Jurisprudence and Sociology of Law 185
Sociology， sociology of law and sociological jurisprudence 186
Society and class struggle： the sociology of Karl Marx 189
Max Weber and the rationalisation of the law 192
Law and social solidarity： Emile Durkheim’s legal sociology 197
The living law： the legal sociology of Eugen Ehrlich 203
Roscoe Pound and law as social engineering 207
The achievements of the sociological tradition 210
8 Radical Jurisprudence： Challenges to Liberal Legal Theory 212
Liberalism and liberal legal theory 212
Challenge of the critical legal studies （CLS） movement 217
Postmodernist challenge 223
Feminist jurisprudence 233
Challenges to liberal jurisprudence： concluding thoughts 239
9 Economic Analysis of Law 242
Background and basic concepts 243
Transaction costs and the law 247
Efficiency of the common law hypothesis 256
Public choice theory： the economics of legislation 261
Efficiency， wealth maximisation and justice 264
10 Evolutionary Jurisprudence 267
Introduction 267
Argument from design versus the principle of the accumulation of design 269
The common law beginnings and the Darwinians before Darwin 271
Eighteenth century evolutionism compared with the German historical approach 277
The Austrian school and spontaneous order 277
Scientific explanations 279
Role of purposive action in legal evolution： the contribution of institutional theory 280
Pathways of legal evolution： the lessons from new institutionalism 287
Normative implications 289
PART 4 RIGHTS AND JUSTICE 295
11 Fundamental Legal Conceptions： the Building Blocks of Legal Norms 295
Bentham and the classication of legal mandates 296
Hohfeld’s analysis of jural relations： the exposition of fundamental legal conceptions 300
Connecting the two ‘boxes’ in Hohfeld’s system 310
Some logical puzzles in Hohfeld’s system 311
Value of Hohfeld’s system 316
12 Justice 318
Justice according to law and justice of the law 319
Justice as virtue 320
Legal justice 329
Distributive justice as social justice 333
Justice as fairness： Rawls’ theory of justice 336
Entitlement theory of justice： Nozick’s response to Rawls 343
Evolutionary theory of justice 349
References 358
Index 366