INTRODUCTION 1
Ⅰ.AUSTIN’S THEORY OF LEGAL SYSTEM 5
1.Sovereignty 6
2.Existence Criteria 11
3.An Identity Criterion 18
4.The Structure of a Legal System 22
Ⅱ.AUSTIN’S THEORY： CRITICISM 27
1.The Illimitability of Sovereignty 27
2.On Personal Obedience 33
3.The Unity of Sovereignty 35
4.On Legislation 38
5.On Independence 41
Ⅲ.ELEMENTS OF A THEORY OF NORMS 44
1.Normative Statements 45
2.The Elements of a Norm 50
A.Bentham’s Account of the Structure of a Norm 50
B.Kelsen on the Structure of a Norm 59
3.The Existence of Norms 60
A.Derivative Creation-Conditions 61
B.Derivative Termination-Conditions 62
C.Original Existence-Conditions 64
Ⅳ.ON THE INDIVIDUATION OF LAWS 70
1.The Problem of Individuation 70
2.Kelsen’s Approach to the Individuation of Laws 77
3.Kelsen versus Bentham - a Comparison 85
Ⅴ.KELSEN’S THEORY OF LEGAL SYSTEM 93
1.The Existence of a Legal System 93
2.The Criterion of Identity 95
3.The Criterion of Identity - the Role of the Basic Norm 100
4.The Criterion of Identity - the Chain of Validity 105
5.The Structure of a Legal System 109
A.Two Alternative Principles of Individuation 110
B.The Possibility of Projecting One Classifi- cation onto the Other 111
C.The Primacy of the Static Principle 112
6.On Independent Norms 114
Ⅵ.LEGAL SYSTEMS AS SYSTEMS OF NORMS 121
1.Imperative Norms 122
2.The Basic Norm and Dynamic Justification 128
3.The Structure of a System and the Individuation of its Laws 140
A.Limiting Requirements 142
B.Guiding Requirements 143
4.Duty-Imposing Laws 147
5.Power-Conferring Laws 156
A.Note on Obedience Laws 166
Ⅶ.LEGAL SYSTEMS AS SYSTEMS OF LAWS 168
1.On the Normativity of the Law 168
2.On Permissions 170
3.On Laws Instituting Rights 175
4.Genetic and Operative Structure 183
A.Note on Coercive Sanctions 185
Ⅷ.THE IDENTITY OF LEGAL SYSTEMS 187
1.The Identity of Non-momentary Legal Systems 187
2.Identity and Membership in Momentary Legal Systems 189
3.On the Rule of Recognition 197
A.Note on Laws and Paper Laws 201
Ⅸ.ON THE EXISTENCE OF LEGAL SYSTEMS 203
1.On the Principle of Efficacy 203
2.Some Further Suggestions 205
POSTSCRIPT： SOURCES， NORMATIVITY， AND INDIVIDUATION 209
BIBLIOGRAPHY 239
INDEX 243