PART Ⅰ THE FRAMEWORK 1
1. HISTORICAL AND JURIDICAL BACKGROUND 3
1.1 The development of laws 3
1.2 Hierarchies of laws 5
1.3 Emergence of domestic human rights law 6
1.4 The Law of Nations 9
1.5 The doctrine of national sovereignty 11
1.6 Legal positivism 12
1.7 Emergence of international human rights law 13
1.8 International human rights law since 1945 14
1.9 The structure of modern international human rights law 16
1.10 Non-discrimination 17
1.11 The Rule of Law 18
1.12 Remedies for violation 20
2. REVIEW OF THE INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS 24
2.1 The UN Charter (UNCH) 24
2.2 The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) 24
2.3 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights(ICPR) 25
2.4 The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICES) 26
2.5 The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (EHR) 26
2.6 The European Social Charter (ESC) 27
2.7 The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man (ADRD) 28
2.8 The American Convention on Human Rights (AMR) 28
2.9 The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights([AFR]) 29
2.10 Subsidiary Instruments 29
2.11 The Helsinki Final Act 30
3. PARTICIPATION IN THE INSTRUMENTS 33
3.1 Negotiation and adoption 33
3.2 Signature 34
3.3 Ratification 34
3.4 Entry into force 35
3.5 Accession or adherence 36
3.6 Reservations and interpretations 36
3.7 Amendment 37
3.8 Derogation 38
3.9 Denunciation 38
4. DOMESTIC EFFECT OF THE INSTRUMENTS 39
4.1 Sources and hierarchies of domestic law 39
4.2 International treaties as a source of domestic law 40
4.3 Rights, freedoms, and duties 42
4.4 'Drittwirkungder Grundrechte' 43
5. SUPERVISION, INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,AND ENFORCEMENT 45
5.1 International institutions and procedures 45
5.2 Domestic institutions and procedures 46
5.3 'International crimes' 47
PART Ⅱ ARTICLES OF GENERAL APPLICATION 49
6. THE STATE OBLIGATIONS 51
6.1 The UN Charter 51
6.2 The Universal Declaration and the American Declaration 53
6.3 Absolute and immediate treaty obligations 56
6.4 Qualified and progressive treaty obligations 59
6.5 Territorial application 63
6.6 Provision of domestic remedies 67
7. NON-DISCRIMINATION 72
8. RESTRICTIONS AND LIMITATIONS 85
9. ABUSE 104
10. SAVINGS 107
11. DEROGATION 110
12. DENUNCIATION 119
PART Ⅲ THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS GUARANTEED 123
13. CLASSIFICATION OF THE RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS 125
14. PHYSICAL INTEGRITY 128
14.1 Life 128
14.2 Liberty and security; arrest and detention 135
14.3 Torture and other ill-treatment 159
14.4 Freedom of movement 174
14.5 Asylum 188
15. STANDARD OF LIVING 193
16. HEALTH 195
17. FAMILY 199
17.1 Marriage and family 199
17.2 Mothers and children 208
18. WORK 214
18.1 The right to work 214
18.2 Pay and conditions of work 218
18.3 Rest and leisure 223
18.4 Slavery, servitude, and forced labour 226
19. SOCIAL SECURITY, ASSISTANCE, AND WELFARE 236
20. EDUCATION AND TRAINING 243
21. PROPERTY 252
22. LEGAL INTEGRITY 259
22.1 Nationality 259
22.2 Recognition before the law 261
22.3 Equality before the law 262
22.4 Fair trial 268
22.5 Retroactive penal laws 285
22.6 Rights of accused persons 291
22.7 Miscarriage of justice 305
23. MENTAL AND MORAL INTEGRITY 308
23.1 Dignity, personality, and name 308
23.2 Privacy, honour and reputation 310
23.3 Thought, conscience, and religion 321
23.4 Opinion and expression 327
23.5 Culture, arts, and science 337
24. JOINT ACTIVITIES 340
24.1 Assembly 340
24.2 Association 343
24.3 Trade unions 346
25. POLITICS AND DEMOCRACY 360
26. COLLECTIVE RIGHTS 368
26.1 Self-determination, liberation, and equality 369
26.2 International peace and security 371
26.3 Use of wealth and resources 373
26.4 Development 375
26.5 Environment 377
26.6 Minorities 377
PART Ⅳ INTERNATIONAL INTERPRETATION, APPLICATION,ENFORCEMENT, AND SUPERVISION 379
27. THE UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMITTEE (HRC) 381
27.1 Composition and organization 381
27.2 State communications 384
27.3 Individual communications 387
27.4 Supervision 389
28. THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (EUCM and EUCT) 391
28.1 Institutions 391
28.2 EUCM: Composition and organization 391
28.3 EUCM: Competence 392
28.4 EUCM: Procedure 394
28.5 EUCT: Composition and organization 396
28.6 EUCT: Jurisdiction 397
28.7 EUCT: Procedure 399
28.8 Supervision 400
29. THE INTER-AMERICAN COMMISSION AND COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS (IACM and IACT) 401
29.1 IACM's functions and powers in respect of OAS Member States which are not parties to AMR 401
29.2 The provisions of AMR for IACM and IACT 403
29.2.1 Institutions and mandate 403
29.2.2 IACM: Composition and organization 404
29.2.3 IACM: Competence 405
29.2.4 IACM: Procedure 407
29.2.5 IACT: Composition and organization 409
29.2.6 IACT: Jurisdiction 412
29.2.7 IACT: Procedure 413
29.2.8 Supervision 414
30. THE AFRICAN COMMISSION ON HUMAN AND PEOPLES' RIGHTS ([AFCM]) 415
30.1 Institution and mandate 415
30.2 Composition and organization 416
30.3 Procedure 418
30.4 State communications 419
30.5 Other communications 420
30.6 Supervision 422
31.THE UN ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL COUNCIL (ECOSOC) 423
31.1 The UN Commission on Human Rights (CHR) 423
31.2 Supervision of ICES 424
32.THE EUROPEAN COMMITTEE OF EXPERTS (EUCE) 430
33.THE UN SECRETARIAT'S DIVISION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (DHR) 433
34.THE UN EDUCATIONAL, SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORGANISATION (UNESCO) 434
35.THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION (ILO) 438
35.1 The supervision procedure 438
35.2 The representations procedure 438
35.3 The complaints procedure 439
35.4 The special procedure for complaints about infringements of trade union rights 440
35.5 Supervision of ICES and ESC 441
36.NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS 442
TABLE A: Signatures, ratifications, accessions, adherences,reservations, and interpretations 445
TABLE B: Judgments, Decisions, and Reports cited 495
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY 561
INDEX OF ARTICLES 563