1 What Is International Environmental Law？ 1
2 How We Got Here： A Brief History 18
3 Diagnosing the Causes of Environmental Problems 37
4 Prescribing the Cure： Environmental Policy 101 57
5 Varieties of Environmental Norms 86
6 Who’s Who in the Legal Process 108
7 Overcoming Obstacles to International Cooperation 136
8 Negotiating Agreements 154
9 Customary （and Not So Customary） Norms 191
10 How and Why Do States Implement Their Commitments？ 205
11 International Carrots and Sticks 225
12 Is International Environmental Law Effective？ 252
Conclusion： Taking Stock 267
Notes 273
Treaties and Other Instruments 341
International Cases 346
Acknowledgments 348
Index 351