Introduction&Flovia Lottonzi 1
Ⅰ. Institutional fragmentation 5
Ⅱ. Substantive fragmentation 10
Ⅲ. Procedural fragmentation 15
Chapter 1 'Fragmentation', Diversification and '3D' Legal Pluralism:International Criminal Law as the Jack-in-the-Box?&Carsten Stohn ＆ Larissa van den Herik 21
1. Introduction 21
2. International criminal law as a 'new' response 26
3. 'Institutional fragmentation': Imminent or exaggerated judicial turf wars? 30
3.1 Positioning the ICJ in its relation to international criminal courts 32
3.2 International criminal courts and tribunals:One 'big happy family? 35
3.3 'Vertical fragmentation': The multiple identities of national courts 39
3.4 The relationship between international criminal courts and alternative transitional justice mechanisms 43
3.5 The relationship between international criminal courts and human rights courts 47
3.6 Towards a 'community of courts'? 55
4. 'Substantive fragmentation': The eye of the beholder 56
4.1 International criminal law as a 'regime' or 'system' 58
4.2 Sources of law as source of 'fragmentation' 61
4.2.1 Use of customary international law 62
4.2.2 General principles 67
4.3 Interpretation and the ICC's telos and zelos 68
4.3.1 Textual v. purpose-based approach towards interpretation 69
4.3.2 Judicial creativity 71
4.4 Normative conflict and hierarchy 75
4.4.1 Interpretative disputes 75
4.4.2 Norm collision 76
5. Procedural fragmentation 78
5.1 Idiosyncracies of international criminal procedure 79
5.1.1 Features 80
5.1.2 Rules of interpretation 81
5.2 Systemic 'fragmentation' 83
6. Conclusion 87
Part Ⅰ Institutional Aspects of Fragmentation 91
Chapter 2 The Judicial Dialogue between the ICJ and International Criminal Courts on the Question of Immunity&Rosanne van Alebeek 93
1. Introduction 93
2. Stocktaking: clashes, disregard or constructive dialogue? 97
2.1 The pre-Arrest Warrant practice of international criminal courts 97
2.2 The judgment of the ICJ in the Arrest Warrant case 100
2.2.1 No exception to personal immunity for international crimes: Judge Van den Wyngaert's criticism on the formalistic approach of the majority 101
2.2.2 The scope of the irrelevance of the official capacity principle 102
2.2.3 Personal immunity before international courts 104
2.3 The post-Arrest Warrant practice of international criminal courts 106
2.3.1 Personal immunity before international courts 106
2.3.2 The scope of the irrelevance of the official capacity principle 109
2.4 Interim conclusion: Talking cross purposes 110
3. The ICJ and the international criminal courts: The context in which the 'dialogue' takes place 111
Chapter 3 Binocular Vision: State Responsibility and Individual Criminal Responsibility for Genocide&Philippa Webb 117
1. Introduction 117
2. Dual responsibility under the Genocide Convention 121
2.1 Two regimes for responsibility in one Convention 121
2.2 Multiple systems for enforcement 125
3. Interplay between state responsibility for genocide and individual criminal responsibility in international courts 127
3.1 Prerequisites for holding states and individuals responsible 127
3.2 State and individual complicity in genocide 129
3.3 Remedies and the obligation to punish 134
4. State responsibility for acts of non-state actors and individuals 137
5. Procedure to establish responsibility 141
5.1 Different standards of proof 141
5.2 Using findings of other international courts 144
6. Conclusion 146
Chapter 4 Finding Custom: The ICJ and the International Criminal Courts and Tribunals Compared&Yeghishe Kirakosyan 149
1. Introduction 149
2. Why international criminal tribunals utilize customary international law 149
3. Custom in public international law 150
4. Peculiarities of international criminal law 154
5. Approaches to custom by the ad hoc Tribunals 156
6. Conclusion 160
Chapter 5 Human Rights Cases in Sub-regional African Courts: Towards Justice for Victims or Just More Fragmentation?&Helen Duffy 163
1. Introduction 163
2. Hadijatou Mani's case 165
2.1 Background to the case 165
2.2 Pursuing justice at home: Victim come perpetrator? 167
3. The case before the ECOWAS Court 169
3.1 The judgment 170
3.1.1 Admissibility 170
3.1.2 Slavery 171
3.1.3 Other human rights violations 175
4. The impact (actual and potential) of the case 179
5. The significance of the role of the ECOWAS Court and other African sub-regional bodies 181
6. Conclusion: Fragmentation and the Ecowas Court? 184
Chapter 6 Praising the Region: What Might a Complementary Criminal Justice System Learn from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights?&Cecilia Cristina Naddeo 187
1. Introduction 187
2. The principle of complementarity and the fragmentation debate 189
2.1 Applicable law 189
2.2 Situations and cases 193
2.3 The participation of the victims in the triggering procedure 194
3. The principle of complementarity and the case law of the Inter-American Court 195
3.1 Exhaustion of domestic remedies 195
3.2 State's duty to investigate, prosecute and punish 198
3.3 Monitoring the state's compliance with remedies 200
4. Case studies on procedural fragmentation 201
4.1 Peru 201
4.2 Colombia 206
4.3 Guatemala 208
5. The principle of complementarity and prospects for cross- fertilization 210
6. Conclusion 214
Chapter 7 The Regionalization of Criminal Law - the Example of European Criminal Law&Ricardo Pereira 217
1. Introduction 217
2. The rationales for criminal law regionalism 220
3. The degrees of integration in criminal matters in the EU 224
4. The principle of mutual recognition in the EU - approximation or cooperation? 231
5. The limits of the European Union competence in criminal matters - pre-Lisbon developments 236
6. The Treaty of Lisbon and the future of EU criminal law 241
7. Conclusion 244
Chapter 8 Alternative Justice Mechanisms, Compliance and Fragmentation of International Law&Susan Kemp 247
1. Obligations under international law 249
2. Transitional justice enters the debate 253
3. Alternative justice and alternatives to justice 258
3.1 Terminology and trends 258
3.2 Identifying alternatives and substitutes 263
4. Legal solutions beyond the ICC 268
4.1 Discretion to prosecute 'those most responsible': Policy or norm? 269
4.2 Compliance, exceptions, excuses and defences 275
4.3 AJMs as compliance: Substituting criminal proceedings 279
5. Conclusions and future directions 282
Chapter 9 Limits of Information-sharing between the International Criminal Court and Truth Commissions&Eszter Kirs 287
1. Different goals of the ICC and truth commissions 288
2. Theoretical definition of the relationship 292
3. Legal framework of information-sharing 296
3.1 Statements taken by a truth commission before the ICC 296
3.2 The confidentiality problem 300
3.3 Flow of information towards truth commissions 301
4. Concluding remarks 303
Chapter 10 Puzzling over Amnesties: Defragmenting the Debate for International Criminal Tribunals&Dov Jacobs 305
1. Introduction: From the dangers of fragmentation 305
2. Horizontal fragmentation of international law and amnesties 307
2.1 Human rights law and amnesties 307
2.2 International humanitarian law and amnesties 310
2.2.1 The duty to prosecute war crimes 310
2.2.2 The amnesty clause in non-international armed conflicts 311
2.3 Other duties to prosecute 312
2.3.1 The existence of a duty to prosecute 313
2.3.2 The scope of the duty to prosecute 314
3. Horizontal fragmentation within international criminal law and amnesties 315
3.1 The ad hoc tribunals and amnesties 315
3.2 The Special Court for Sierra Leone 317
3.2.1 The Amnesty Clause in the Lome Peace Agreement and the Statute of the Special Court 317
3.2.2 Subsequent case law by the Special Court 318
3.3 The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 321
3.3.1 General considerations 321
3.3.2 Amnesties in the Statute: An unresolved issue 322
3.3.3 A first indication in the case law 323
3.4 The Special Crimes Panels in East Timor 325
4. Other levels of fragmentation and amnesties 327
4.1 Vertical fragmentation: Taking into account national jurisdictions? 327
4.2 Pluridisciplinary fragmentation: Amnesties beyond the law 328
5. Gathering the pieces of the puzzle: Amnesties in international criminal tribunals 331
5.1 Defragmenting the debate: Identifying the relevant pieces of the puzzle 331
5.1.1 International CRIMINAL tribunals: Not courts of legality 332
5.1.2 INTERNATIONAL criminal tribunals: Not bound by national legislation 335
5.1.3 The International Criminal COURT: Not bound by politics or sociology 336
5.2 What's left? Some guidelines for international criminal tribunals in applying their Statutes 336
5.2.1 An international duty to prosecute? 337
5.2.1.1 No obligation to prosecute under general international law or human rights 337
5.2.1.2 A statutory duty to prosecute 339
5.2.2 The Case Study of the ICC 339
5.2.2.1 Complementarity and amnesties 340
5.2.2.2 'Interests of justice' and amnesties 342
6. Conclusion:... to the dangers of unity 343
Part Ⅱ Fragmentation of Substantive Law 347
Chapter 11 Chinese Humanitarian Law and International Humanitarian Law&Liu Daqun 349
1. The origins of law in ancient China 349
2. Humanitarian law in ancient China 351
3. Contemporary contributions of China to international humanitarian law 354
4. China's attitude towards the International Criminal Court 357
Chapter 12 Approximation or Harmonisation as a Result of Implementation of the Rome Statute&David Donat Cattin 361
1. Introduction: The Rome Statute and fragmentation or diversification in international criminal law 361
2. The Rome Statute and its treaty-based, self-contained regime 363
3. The erroneous doctrine on the non-binding nature of the complementary principle v. domestic implementation of the Rome Statute's substantive law as indispensable means to fight impunity and binding legal obligation 367
4. The duty to prosecute or extradite or surrender 370
5. The Rome Statute is not uniform law, but entails a minimum standard 372
6. Differing practice of States in implementing the Rome Statute in the area of cooperation 377
7. Concluding remarks 386
Chapter 13 Fragmentation of the Rome Statute through an Incoherent Jurisdictional Regime for the Crime of Aggression: A Silent Operation&Deborah Ruiz Verduzco 389
1. Introduction 390
2. Article 12 and the sources of the jurisdiction of the ICC 391
2.1 Characteristics 392
2.2 Exceptions to Article 12 394
2.3 The coherence of Article 12 395
2.4 US opposition 397
3. The creation of a distinct jurisdictional regime for the crime of aggression: A silent operation 399
3.1 Debate within the SWGCA:The need for consent of the aggressor state and the amendment procedures 402
3.2 Discussions in Kampala 404
3.3 Indirect amendment of Article 12 409
4. Two possible legal explanations 411
4.1 The intimate relationship between the act and the crime of aggression 412
4.2 Departure from Article 12 justified by the amendment procedure 422
5. The dangerous consequences of fragmentation 425
6. Conclusion 427
Chapter 14 Domestic Prosecution of Genocide: Fragmentation or Natural Diversity?&Cristina Fernandez-Pocheco Estrada 429
1. Introduction 429
1.1 The role of national jurisdictions in the prevention and punishment of the crime of genocide 429
1.2 The framework: The Convention for the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 432
2. Legislative divergences in the implementation of the crime of genocide 436
2.1 Models of implementation of the crime of genocide in national law 436
2.2 Modifications of the definition of the crime 437
2.2.1 Groups protected 437
2.2.2 Underlying offences 439
2.2.3 Other elements 442
3. Divergences in the case law regarding the crime of genocide 443
3.1 The Spanish interpretation of 'national group' 444
3.2 The German interpretation of the destruction intended 449
4. Fragmentation or evolution? 453
Chapter 15 The Rome Statute and Domestic Proceedings for Ordinary Crimes: The (In)Admissibility of Cases before the International Criminal Court&Beatrice Pisani 461
1. Introductory remarks 461
2. The Rome Statute and ordinary crimes 463
2.1 Unwillingness 466
2.2 Inability 468
3. The ICC and the fight against impunity 474
4. Concluding remarks 480
Chapter 16 Fragmentation of the Notion of Co-Perpetration in International Criminal Law?&Chantal Meloni 481
1. Introduction 481
2. A fragmented picture 484
3. The creation of the 'JCE' doctrine by the ICTY 485
4. First elaborations on co-perpetration in ICC jurisprudence 489
5. Fragmentation of the notion of co-perpetration or different modes of liability? 497
6. Final remarks 500
Chapter 17 The Mens Rea Enigma in the Jurisprudence of the International Criminal Court&Mohamed Elewa Badar 503
1. Introduction 503
2. Background on the Lubanga, Katanga and Bemba Decisions 504
3. The meaning of intent and knowledge under Article 30 of the ICC Statute 508
3.1 Direct intent or dolus direct us of the first degree 508
3.1.1 Indirect intent, oblique intent or dolus directus of the second degree 509
4. Is there room for dolus eventualis under Article 30 of the ICC Statute? 510
4.1 The rulings of the Lubanga and Bemba Pre-Trial Chambers on the notion of dolus eventualis within the framework of Article 30 511
4.2 Do the travaux preparatoires support the inclusion of dolus eventualis in Article 30? 514
4.2.1 The Ad Hoc Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court 514
4.2.2 The Siracusa Draft 515
4.2.3 The Freiburg Draft of 1996 516
4.2.4 The 1996 Report of the Preparatory Committee 516
4.2.5 The Zutphen Draft Statute, January 1998 519
4.2.6 PrepCom Draft Statute, April 1998 519
4.2.7 The Committee of the Whole 519
4.2.8 The Preparatory Committee 520
5. The contours of dolus eventualis in comparative criminal law 521
5.1 Egypt 521
5.2 France 523
5.3 Italy 524
5.4 South Africa 525
5.5 Germany 526
5.5.1 Consent and approval theory 527
5.5.2 The 'indifference theory' (Gleichgultigkeitstheorie) 528
5.5.3 The 'possibility theory' 528
5.5.4 The 'probability theory' 529
5.6 Islamic jurisprudence 530
6. Distinguishing dolus eventualis from dolus directus of the second degree 531
7. A proposed definition for dolus eventualis 532
8. A plea to the International Criminal Court 533
Chapter 18 Reception of Common Law in Substantive International Criminal Law&James L. Bischoff 535
1. Indirect intent for planning, instigating and ordering 540
2. Conspiracy to commit genocide 545
3. Duress 551
4. Conclusion 553
Chapter 19 The Principle of Complicity under International Law - Its Application to States and Individuals in Cases involving Genocide, Crimes against Humanity and War Crimes&Erik Kok 557
1. General introduction 557
2. The concept of complicity 557
2.1 The interaction between primary and secondary rules in prohibiting complicit conduct 559
2.2 Primary rules 560
2.3 Secondary rules 564
2.4 The goals behind the imposition of responsibility 565
2.5 The role of fault in establishing responsibility 566
3. The conduct that gives rise to responsibility 568
3.1 Common plan 568
3.2 Control 575
3.3 Instigation 577
3.4 Aiding 578
3.5 Insufficient diligence in prevention 582
4. Fragmentation 586
5. Conclusion 589
Part Ⅲ Fragmentation and Criminal Procedure 591
Chapter 20 Unification or Fragmentation? Structural Tendencies in International Criminal Procedure&Mark Klamberg 593
1. Preliminary remarks 593
2. Theory of interests 593
3. Identifying and making objectives operational 600
3.1 Inventory of objectives pressing for recognition in international criminal procedure 600
3.1.1 Crime control 603
3.1.2 Fair trial 605
3.1.3 Expeditious proceedings 609
3.1.4 Truth 611
3.1.5 Victims 'participation and protection 612
3.1.6 State sovereignty 616
3.2 Recognition by the applicable law 617
3.3 Weighing and balancing competing objectives 618
4. Interpretation 622
5. Applying the approach 626
5.1 Differences between international criminal tribunals and courts 627
5.2 Differences between specific procedural activities 628
6. Reflections on the fragmentation of a legal regime 631
Chapter 21 Prosecutorial Discretion in International Criminal Justice: Between Fragmentation and Unification&Hitomi Takemura 633
1. Introduction 633
1.1 Fragmentation and the notion of international criminal prosecution 633
1.2 The meaning of prosecutorial discretion 635
1.3 Rationale of prosecutorial discretion 636
2. Prosecutorial discretion: the emerging division of labour between domestic courts and international tribunals 636
2.1 The ad hoc Tribunals and case selection 636
2.2 The International Criminal Court's complementarity and universal jurisdiction 638
3. Prosecutorial discretion and the International Criminal Court 639
4. Case selection criteria 642
5. Case study of an ICC case: An actual application of criteria to cases 644
6. Situation selection and the International Criminal Court 645
7. Case study of an ICC situation: An actual application of criteria to a situation 649
8. Deferral of a situation and investigation in favour of interests of justice 650
9. Inherent difficulties of hybrid tribunal's prosecutorial discretion 651
10. Procedural fairness: enhancing legitimacy for prosecutorial discretion 652
11. Concluding remarks 656
Chapter 22 Fragmentation in International Criminal Law and the Rights of Victims&Margaret Burnham 657
1. Introduction 657
2. Victims' reparative rights in international law 658
3. Victims' participation rights in international law 662
3.1 Participation rights: An overview of the procedural regimes of the ECCC, the STL and the ICC 664
4. Victims' rights in ICC judicial proceedings under the Rome Statute 667
4.1 Establishing victim standing 669
4.2 Participation as a victim in ICC investigations and trials 671
4.3 Victim participation in ICC reparations hearings 674
4.4 Participation rights and due process 675
5. The Trust Fund for victims 676
6. Reconciling victims' rights claims 678
7. Conclusion 679
Chapter 23 The Influences of French Law on Appeal Proceedings before the International Criminal Court and the Tribunals&Xavier Tracol 681
1. Introduction 681
2. Victims, parties civiles and third parties affected by a decision - all persons entitled to appeal against interlocutory decisions 682
2.1 An innovation of the Rome Statute 682
2.1.1 The legal representatives of victims 684
2.1.2 The particular situation of states 685
2.2 A right of appeal recognised in French criminal procedure 686
2.2.1 The participation of victims in first instance criminal proceedings in the French and German legal systems 686
2.2.2 Parties Civiles have specific rights of appeal in French criminal procedure 687
3. Pre-appeal judges: A distant French legal influence 687
3.1 The situation at the ICTR 690
3.1.1 A specific provision in the Rules relating to the pre-appeal judge 690
3.1.2 Powers that are broad but vested by an authority lacking jurisdiction 691
3.2 The situation at the ICTY 693
3.2.1 Applicable provisions 693
3.2.2 Speeding up appeal proceedings? 696
4. Conclusion 701
Index 703