Chapter Ⅰ PARTY AUTONOMY AND EXPRESS STIPULATIONS OF APPLICABLE LAW 1
1.01.Introduction 1
Section Ⅰ.Party Autonomy and the Choice of Municipal Law 4
1.02.The Options:Choice of Non-Choice 4
1.03.The Choice of Law Process in Action:Some Basic Considerations 7
1.04.Single Law or Depegage:Multipartite Relationships 9
Section Ⅱ.Party Autonomy and the Contracts Concluded by International Persons 12
1.05.The Various Options 12
1.06.The Particular Case of Economic Development Agreements 15
Chapter Ⅱ PARTY AUTONOMY AND THE TIME ELEMENT 31
2.01.Introduction 31
Section Ⅰ.The Time Element and the Conflict of Law Process 32
2.02.Time and Contract Formation:(1) Conflict Solution 32
2.03.(2) Conflict Avoidance 35
2.04.Choice of Law Subsequent to the Making of the Contract:(1) Domestic Judicial Decisions 39
2.05.(2) Arbitral Possibilities 41
Section Ⅱ.The Time Element within the Chosen Law:Stabilization,Force Majeure and Hardship Clauses 43
2.06.Some Basic Considerations 43
2.07.Stabilization Clauses 44
2.08.Force Majeure Clauses 50
2.09.Hardship Cases 57
Chapter Ⅲ CONFLICT AVOlDANCE WITHIN THE RULES OF CONFLICT SOLUTION 63
3.01.Introduction 63
Section Ⅰ.Compliance 65
3.02.Some Typical Situations 65
3.03.Conflicts Rules Preempted 69
Section Ⅱ.Supplying the Most Significant Relationship:Conflicts Rules in Action 73
3.04.The Lessons of Conflict Solution 73
3.05.Conflict Avoidance and the Use of Conflicts Rules-General Considerations 75
3.06.A Troublesome Matter:Conflicts Rules in Motion 80
Section Ⅲ.Conflict Avoidance and the Use of Comparative Law 85
3.07.Comparative Law in a Private International Law Context 85
3.08.Comparative Law in an International Law Context 92
Section Ⅳ.Conflict Avoidance and Trade Usage 98
3.09.A New Law Merchant (Lex Mercatoria)? 98
Chapter Ⅳ THE EFFECTIVENESS OF CONFLICT AVOIDANCE 101
4.01.Introduction 101
Section Ⅰ.Problem of Contractual Interpretation 102
4.02.The Perils of Draftsmanship 102
4.03.The Perils of Judicial Interpretation 106
Section Ⅱ.The Impact of Conflict Rules 108
4.04.The "Reasonable Relation" Test 108
4.05.Characterization 110
4.06.Renvoi 115
4.07.Public Policy 117
4.08.Conflict Rules Disregarded:The French Theory of "International Contracts" 119
Section Ⅲ.Proof of Applicable Law 123
4.09.Proof of Foreign Law in Municipal Courts 123
4.10.Proof of Municipal Law in International Tribunals 125
Section Ⅳ.The Rule of Validation 127
4.11.Judicial Practice 127
4.12.Contractual Practice 128
Chapter Ⅴ TRANSNATIONAL RULES OF ADJUDICATORY JURISDICTION 129
5.01.Introduction 129
Section Ⅰ.Exorbitant Jurisdictional Rules 130
5.02.The Nature of the Problem 130
5.03.The Nationality of the Plaintiff or of the Defendant 131
5.04.The Domicile of the Plaintiff 136
5.05.The Presence of Assets at the Forum 137
5.06.Service of Process within the Jurisdiction 138
5.07.Excessive Link between Conflict of Laws and Jurisdiction;the English Rule 139
5.08.American Experience in Parochalism - A Return to Reasonableness 140
Section Ⅱ.The Ordinary Rules of Adjudicatory Jurisdiction 145
5.09.General Remarks 145
5.10.Doing (Carrying) Business within the Jurisdiction 146
5.11.Domicile and Residence 148
5.12.Appearance and Submission 151
5.13.The Particular Case of Multiple Defendants 153
5.14.Contracts Made,Broken or to be Performed within the Jurisdiction:England and The United States 154
5.15.The Forum Contracts in Civil Law Countries 157
Section Ⅲ.Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction;Provisional Measures 159
5.16.The American Quasi in Rem Jurisdiction 159
5.17.European Rules 163
Section Ⅳ.Limitations on Jurisdiction 164
5.18.Preliminary Remarks 164
5.19.Forum Non Conventions 165
5.20.Lis Pendens 169
Chapter Ⅵ CONTRACTUAL CHOICE OF FORUM 173
6.01.Introduction 173
Section Ⅰ.Party Autonomy in the EEC Countries 174
6.02.Domestic Rules 174
6.03.The EEC Convention 179
Section Ⅱ.Party Autonomy in the United States 182
6.04.Progressive Rules 182
6.05.What is an International Contract 184
(a) The Parties 184
(b) The Negotiations 186
(c) The Subject Matter of the Contract 187
6.06.The Scope of the Rules 187
Section Ⅲ.The Effectiveness of Choice of Forum Clauses 190
6.07.Reality and Scope of Consent;Problems of Draftsmanship 190
6.08.The Impact of Jurisdictional and Conflict Rules 196
Chapter Ⅶ RECOGNITION AND ENFORCEMENT OF FOREIGN JUDGMENTS 199
7.01.Introduction 199
Section Ⅰ.Conditions of Recognition and Enforcement 200
7.02.The Jurisdictional Prerequisite:Indirect Adjudicatory Jurisdiction 200
7.03.Finality 204
7.04.Reciprocity 205
7.05.Defenses 209
Section Ⅱ.Recognition and Enforcement Procedures 210
7.06.Preliminary Remarks 210
7.07.Civil Law Countries;Exequatur and Similar Proceedings 212
7.08.Common Law Countries 214
Section Ⅲ.The EEC Convention 216
7.09.Recognition and Enforcement of Judgments within the EEC 216
Chapter Ⅷ LITIGATING STATE CONTRACT DISPUTES 223
8.01.Introduction 223
Section Ⅰ.Procedural and Jurisdiction Issues 224
8.02.Service of Process 224
8.03.Jurisdictional Issues 225
Section Ⅱ.Immunity from Suit 232
8.04.Immunity Rules in Motion 232
8.05.Persons Entitled to Immunity 234
8.06.Purpose or Nature of the Act?Commercial and Sovereign Acts 240
8.07.Some Specific Situations 243
8.08.Immunity and Public Debt 256
Section Ⅲ.Immunity from Execution 259
8.09.Introduction 259
8.10.Persons Entitled to Immunity 260
8.11.Property Subject to Execution 261
8.12.A question of Timing 267
Section Ⅳ.Waivers of Immunity 269
8.13.Contractual Waivers of Immunity 269
8.14.Estoppel by Conduct,Counterclaims 275
8.15.Treaty Provisions 278
Chapter Ⅸ TRANSNATIONAL COMMERCIAL ARBITRATION 281
9.01.Introduction 281
9.02.A Basic Issue of Definitions;Transnational v.Domestic Arbitration 285
9.03.Conflict Avoidance;A Reminder 290
Section Ⅰ.The Arbitration Agreement 291
9.04.Formal Validity 291
9.05.Consent 292
9.06.Arbitrability of Disputes 296
9.07.The Severability Question 301
9.08.Enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement 305
Section Ⅱ.The Proceedings 309
9.09.The Parties;Multipartite Arbitration;Consolidation 309
9.10.The Arbitrators 314
9.11.Substantive Issues;Application of Law by the Arbitrators;Amicable Composition 319
9.12.The Conduct of the Proceedings:The Law Governing the Proceedings 325
9.13.Transnational Arbitration and the Courts;Judicial Support;Production of Evidence;Interim Measures of Protection 327
9.14.Judicial Control over Transnational Awards 331
Section Ⅲ.Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards 337
9.15.Preliminary Remarks 337
9.16.Foreign Award Final and Binding;The issue of Merger 338
9.17.Defenses;Challenge of the Award 343
Chapter Ⅹ ARBITRATING STATE CONTRACT DISPUTES 351
10.01.Introduction 351
Section Ⅰ.The Arbitration Agreement 354
10.02.The Arbitrability of State Contract Disputes;Evidence of Authority 354
10.03.Consent 359
10.04.Binding Character of Consent 363
10.05.Enforcement of the Arbitration Agreement;Submission to Arbitration as a Waiver of Immunity 372
Section Ⅱ.The Proceedings 375
10.06.Preliminary Remarks 375
10.07.The Rules Applicable to the Proceedings 376
10.08.Interim Measures of Protection 382
10.09.Finality of Awards;Remedies 385
Section Ⅲ.Recognition and Enforcement of Awards 387
10.10.Recognition 387
10.11.Enforcement;The Impact of Sovereign Immunity 394
Index 395