Ⅰ. Introduction 1
Ⅱ. Legal Context 9
A. Article 22 in Relation to the United Nations Charter 9
1. Conceptual Linkages: Human Rights, Development and Peace 12
2. Operational Linkages: International Co-operation for Progress and Human Rights 16
3. Concluding Remarks 23
B. Role of Article 22 within the Text of the Declaration 24
1. Rights, Dignity, and Development as a Person 24
2. "Everyone": Universality and Non-Discrimination 27
3. Action to Implement ESC Rights by the State and by Non-State Actors 28
4. Concluding Remarks 32
Ⅲ. Textual Elements and Drafting Origins of Article 22 33
A. The Drafting Process Leading Up to the Declaration 34
B. The Idea of an Umbrella Article on Implementation of ESC Rights 37
C. Ordinary Meaning, Context, and Drafting History of the Articles Components 44
1. "Everyone, as a member of society" 44
2. "the right to social security" 46
3. "entitled to ... the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality" 65
4. "realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with organization and resources" 71
Ⅳ. Understanding the Entitlement to Security through ESC Rights 79
A. "... the right to social security" 84
1. Legal Nature of the "right to social security" as a Claim to Social Justice 85
2. The Role of ESC Rights in Achieving Social Justice, Peace, and Development 90
3. Linkages with Social Justice Theory 100
B. "Everyone, as a member of society" 110
1. Universality 111
2. Equality and Non-Discrimination 112
3. Participation 117
4. Solidarity 121
C. ESC Rights "indispensable" for "dignity and free development of... personality" 126
1. Dignity and Free Development of the Personality 126
2. Indispensable ESC Rights 130
Ⅴ. Realizing the Entitlement through National Effort and International Co-operation 135
A. "entitled to realization" 135
1. Scope of the Duty to Realize the Entitlement 136
2. Types of Duties to Realize ESC Rights 145
B. "through national effort and international co-operation" 149
1. National Effort to Realize the Entitlement 151
2. International Co-operation to Realize the Entitlement 159
C. "in accordance with the organization and resources of each State" 190
1. Organization of Each State 191
2. Resources of Each State 193
Ⅵ. Conclusions 197
A. Security for Human Dignity and Freedom through ESC Rights 197
1. Social Justice and "the right to social security" 197
2. "realization ... of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality" 199
3. Applying an Indispensable Rights Approach 200
B. Everyone as a Member of Society: Shared Responsibility 204
1. UN Charter Pledge and Beyond 204
2. Complementing State Action: Implications of Shared Responsibility 205
C. Claiming the Entitlement to ESC Rights 207
1. Defining the Entitlement: Duties and Typologies 207
2. Measuring Progress to Realize ESC Rights 208
D. National Effort and International Co-operation: Emerging Frameworks 209
1. National Effort 210
2. International Co-operation 212
3. Co-operation Frameworks under Construction 213
E. Enhancing Accountability for Conduct Affecting ESC Rights 218
1. Ensuring Respect for ESC Rights in Multilateral Economic and Financial Co-operation 219
2. Protecting against Third-Party Violations of ESC Rights in International Co-operation 220
F. Beyond Development: Human Rights as a Compass for Social Justice 223
Index 225