Section Ⅰ Overview 3
1 Ecological monitoring：The heart of the matter&Robert A.Gitzen and Joshua J.Millspaugh 3
2 An overview of statistical considerations in long-term monitoring&Joel H.Reynolds 23
3 Monitoring that matters&Douglas H.Johnson 54
4 Maximizing the utility of monitoring to the adaptive management of natural resources&William L.Kendall and Clinton T.Moore 74
Section Ⅱ Survey design 101
5 Spatial sampling designs for long-term ecological monitoring&Trent McDonald 101
6 Spatially balanced survey designs for natural resources&Anthony R.Olsen，Thomas M.Kincaid and Quinn Payton 126
7 The role of monitoring design in detecting trend in long-term ecological monitoring studies&N.Scott Urquhart 151
8 Estimating variance components and related parameters when planning long-term monitoring programs&John R.Skalski 174
9 Variance components estimation for continuous and discrete data，with emphasis on cross-classified sampling designs&Brian R.Gray 200
10 Simulating future uncertainty to guide the selection of survey designs for long-term monitoring&Steven L.Garman，E.William Schweiger，and Daniel J.Manier 228
Section Ⅲ Data analysis 253
11 Analysis options for estimating status and trends in long-term monitoring&Jonathan Bart and Hawthorne L.Beyer 253
12 Analytical options for estimating ecological thresholds-statistical considerations&Song S.Qian 279
13 The treatment of missing data in long-term monitoring programs&Douglas H.Johnson and Michael B.Soma 298
14 Survey analysis in natural resource monitoring programs with a focus on cumulative distribution functions&Thomas M.Kincaid and Anthony R.Olsen 313
15 Structural equation modeling and the analysis of long-term monitoring data&James B.Grace，Jon E.Keeley，Darren J.Johnson，and Kenneth A.Bollen 325
Section Ⅳ Advanced issues and applications 361
16 GRTS and graphs：Monitoring natural resources in urban landscapes&Todd R.Lookingbill，John Paul Schmit，and Shawn L.Carter 361
17 Incorporating predicted species distribution in adaptive and conventional sampling designs&David R.Smith，Yuancai Lei，Christopher A.Walter，and John A.Young 381
18 Study design and analysis options for demographic and species occurrence dynamics&Darryl I.MacKenzie 397
19 Dealing with incomplete and variable detectability in multi-year，multi-site monitoring of ecological populations&Sarah J.Converse and J.Andrew Royle 426
20 Optimal spatio-temporal monitoring designs for characterizing population trends&Mevin B.Hooten，Beth E.Ross，and Christopher K.Wikle 443
21 Use of citizen-science monitoring for pattern discovery and biological inference&Wesley M.Hochachka，Daniel Fink，and Benjamin Zuckerberg 460
Section Ⅴ Conclusion 481
22 Institutionalizing an effective long-term monitoring program in the US National Park Service&Steven G.Fancy and Robert E.Bennetts 481
23 Choosing among long-term ecological monitoring programs and knowing when to stop&Hugh P.Possingham，Richard A.Fuller，and Liana N.Joseph 498
References 509
Index 553