Preface 11
Contributors 13
Chapter 1. Introduction&By Helle Tegner Anker, Birgitte Egelund Olsen ＆ Anita Ronne 17
1. Background 17
2. A Comparative Approach 18
3. Environmental and Energy Law 19
4. The Structure 20
Chapter 2. Civil Law and Common Law Systems&By Julian Juergensmeyer ＆ Ellen Margrethe Basse 25
1. Introduction 25
2. The Civil and Common Law Traditions 26
2.1. Historical Background of the Civil Law System 27
2.2. Historical Background of the Common Law System 29
3. Civil Law and Common Law Systems-Compared and Contrasted 30
3.1. Sources of Law 31
3.2. Codes 34
Chapter 3. International and EU Legal Systems 37
1. The International Legal System-by Sanford Gaines 37
1.1. Legal Sources and Main Principles 37
1.2. The Relationship between International Law and National Law 39
1.3. Energy and Environmental Law 39
2. The EU Legal System-by Birgitte Egelund Olsen 44
2.1. The EU Legal Tradition 45
2.2. Historical Background 49
2.3. Legal Institutions and Law Making 51
2.4. The Relationship between EU Law and International Law 54
2.5. The Balance of Powers between the EU and the Member States 56
2.6. The Role of the Court 57
2.7. Energy and Environmental Law 58
Chapter 4. National Legal Systems 61
1. The Danish Legal System-by Ellen Margrethe Basse ＆ Jorgen Dalberg-Larsen 61
1.1. The Scandinavian Legal Tradition 61
1.2. The Danish Legal Tradition 67
1.3. The Role of the Courts 71
1.4. Environmental and Energy Law 71
1.5. Commentary from a Norwegian Point of View-by Hans Christian Bugge 73
2. The United States Legal System-by Julian Juergensmeyer ＆ Sanford Gaines 75
2.1. The US Legal Tradition 75
2.2. Historical Background 80
2.3. Legal Institutions and Law Making 81
2.4. The Role of the Courts 86
2.5. Energy and Environmental Law 87
2.6. Commentary from a New Zealand Point of View-by Barry Barton ＆ David Grinlinton 90
Chapter 5. Jurisdiction, Fundamental Rights and the Market&By Helle Tegner Anker, Sanford Gaines ＆ Birgitte Egelund Olsen 93
1. Introduction 93
2. Jurisdictional issues 94
2.1. International-National Level 94
2.2. Federal-State Level 95
2.3. National-Regional-Local Level 97
3. Protection of Fundamental Rights 102
3.1. Private Property Rights 102
3.2. Right to a Good Environment? 107
3.3. Right to Information and Public Participation 110
3.4. Access to Justice 113
4. Market Conditions 115
4.1. Non-discrimination 115
4.2. Antitrust and Competition Rules 117
4.3. Subsidies and State Aid 119
Chapter 6. Planning Law 123
1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen 123
2. International Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker 124
3. EU Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen 125
4. Danish Planning Law-by Helle Tegner Anker 127
4.1 Land Use Planning 128
4.2 Coastal and Marine Planning 130
4.3 Public Participation and Appeals 131
5. Norwegian Planning Law-by Hans Christian Bugge 131
5.1. County Plans 133
5.2. Land Use Plans at the Municipal Level 133
5.3. Coastal or Marine Planning 135
5.4. Public Participation, Appeals and Objections 136
6. US Federal and State Planning Law-by Julian Juergensmeyer 137
6.1 State and Local Government Land Use Plans 137
6.2. Coastal Zone Planning and Management 140
6.3. Public Participation and Appeals 144
7. New Zealand Planning Law-by David Grinlinton 145
7.1. The RMA-Background and Regulatory Structure 145
7.2. Applying the Regulatory Structure to Wind Energy Development 148
7.3. RMA Resource (Planning) Consents and Decision-making 149
7.4. Applying the RMA Decision-making Process to Wind Energy Development 151
7.5. Public Participation and Appeals 152
7.6. Enforcement Mechanisms and Criminal Offences 153
Chapter 7. Environmental Assessment Procedures 155
1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker 155
2. International Law on EIA and SEA 155
3. EU Law on EIA and SEA-by Helle Tegner Anker and Birgitte Egelund Olsen 158
3.1. The EIA Directive 159
3.2. The SEA Directive 160
4. The Danish EIA and SEA Rules-by Helle Tegner Anker 161
4.1. EIA 161
4.2. SEA 163
5. Norwegian EIA and SEA Rules-by Hans Christian Bugge 163
6. US Federal and State EIA and SEA Rules-by Sanford Gaines 166
6.1. Federal Environmental Impact Assessment-NEPA 166
6.2. State Environmental Impact Assessment 168
7. New Zealand's EIA and SEA Rules-by David Grinlinton 169
7.1. Assessment of Environmental Effects (AEE) 170
7.2. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 171
7.3. Environmental and Sustainability Assessment (ESA) 172
Chapter 8. Nature Protection Law 173
1. Introduction-by Helle Tegner Anker 173
2. International Nature Protection Law 173
3. EU Nature Protection Law 177
3.1. Protection of Habitats-Nature 2000 178
3.2. EU Species Protection 180
4. Danish Nature Protection Law 182
4.1. Protection of Habitats etc. 182
4.2. Protection of Species 185
5. Norwegian Nature Protection Law-by Hans Christian Bugge 185
5.1. The Nature Conservation Act 186
5.2. Species Protection 188
6. US Federal and State Nature Protection Law-by Julian Juergensmeyer 189
6.1. The Endangered Species Act 189
6.2. Wetlands 193
7. New Zealand Nature Protection Law-by David Grinlinton 201
7.1. The Role of the Resource Management Act 1991 in Nature Protection 201
7.2. General Legislation Protecting Habitats 202
7.3. Species Protection 204
Chapter 9. Environmental Protection Law 207
1. Introduction-by Bent Ole Gram Mortensen 207
2. International Rules on Noise and Related Issues 208
3. EU Rules on Noise and Related Issues 209
3.1. EU Noise Rules for Outdoor Equipment 210
3.2. EIA Directive 210
3.3. Directive Relating to the Assessment and Management of Environmental Noise 211
4. Danish Rules on Noise and Related Issues 211
4.1. Private Law and Public Law 212
4.2. Noise Standards 215
4.3. Reflection (light) 216
4.4. Shadows and Visual Impact 217
4.5. Vibration 217
5. Norwegian Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by Hans Christian Bugge 218
5.1. Private Law and Public Law 218
5.2. Integrated Pollution Control 219
5.3. Noise 221
5.4. Compensation 222
6. US Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by Margaret Rosso Grossman 222
6.1. Nuisance 223
6.2. Noise and Vibration 226
6.3. Shadows and Visual Effects 230
7. New Zealand Rules on Noise and Related Issues-by David Grinlinton 232
7.1. Common Law Remedies 232
7.2. Regulation of Noise and Vibration 234
7.3. Light Reflection, Shadows and Visual Effects 236
Chapter 10. Energy Law ＆ Regulation of Wind Energy 239
1. Introduction-by Anita Ronne 239
1.1. Energy Law-by Barry Barton 241
1.2. Wind Energy Law-by Anita Ronne 244
2. International Regulation of Wind Turbines 246
2.1. Introduction 246
2.2. The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 247
2.3. The Climate Change Convention and the Kyoto Protocol 248
2.4. The Energy Charter Treaty 249
3. EU Regulation of Wind Turbines 250
3.1. The EC Treaty 250
3.2. Policy Development 252
3.3. Instruments to Promote Wind Energy 253
4. Danish Regulation of Wind Turbines 255
4.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy 255
4.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines 260
4.3. Regulation of Wind Turbines Offshore 262
4.4. Market Access and Connection to Networks 265
4.5. Price Regulation and Subsidies 266
4.6. Public Authorities and System Operators 267
5. Norwegian Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Ulf Hammer 269
5.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy 269
5.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines 270
5.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks 272
5.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies 274
5.5. Public Authorities and System Operators 275
6. US Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Sanford Gaines 275
6.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy 275
6.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines 277
6.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks 281
6.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies 282
6.5. Public Authorities and System Operators 283
7. New Zealand Regulation of Wind Turbines-by Barry Barton 284
7.1. Policy Development and Expansion of Wind Energy 284
7.2. Establishment of Wind Turbines 287
7.3. Market Access and Connection to Networks 288
7.4. Price Regulation and Subsidies 290
7.5. Public Authorities and System Operators 291
Chapter 11. Comparisons and Conclusions&By Helle Tegner Anker, Birgitte Egelund Olsen ＆ Anita Ronne 293
1. The Development of Wind Energy 293
2. The Legal Framework for Wind Energy-A Comparison 295
2.1. The Legal Traditions 296
2.2. Jurisdictional Issues 297
2.3. Fundamental Rights 299
2.4. Planning Law 302
2.5. Environmental Assessment 303
2.6. Nature Protection Issues 305
2.7. Environmental Protection Issues 307
2.8. Energy Law Issues 309
3. Conclusions 313
Appendix Ⅰ Developing a Wind Farm-Case Scenarios and Questions 317
Appendix Ⅱ Wind Power Development in a Small State: The Case of Maine-by Donald N. Zillman 320
Appendix Ⅲ Case Law 334
Appendix Ⅳ Country Facts 341
Bibliography 347