1 About Forensic Science 1
SCIENCE AND LAW 1
SCOPE OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 4
ORIGINS OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 8
DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE IN THE UNITED STATES 12
LABORATORY ORGANIZATION AND SERVICES 15
FORENSIC SCIENCE INVOLVEMENT IN CRIMINAL CASES 18
FUTURE DEVELOPMENT OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 21
2 Physical Evidence 29
INFORMATION THAT PHYSICAL EVIDENCE CAN REVEAL 29
CLASSIFICATION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE 32
STAGES IN PHYSICAL-EVIDENCE ANALYSIS 38
3 Methods and Techniques in Forensic Science 50
INTRODUCTION 50
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND METHODS 50
CHEMICAL METHODS 56
BIOLOGICAL METHODS 78
MICROSCOPY AND MICROSCOPICAL METHODS 81
PRESENT-DAY CAPABILITIES 92
4 Arson Accelerants and Explosives 95
INTRODUCTION 95
CHEMISTRY OF FIRES AND FUELS 96
FIRE PATTERNS 106
RECOGNITION AND COLLECTION OF ARSON EVIDENCE 107
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF ARSON EVIDENCE 111
EXPLOSIVES AND EXPLOSIONS 114
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF EXPLOSIVE RESIDUES 119
5 Drug Analysis and Forensic Toxicology 123
INTRODUCTION 123
CLASSIFICATION AND DESCRIPTION OF DRUGS 124
POISONS—TOXIC SUBSTANCES 131
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DRUGS AND POISONS 133
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF DRUGS AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES 133
BREATH-ALCOHOL AND BLOOD-ALCOHOL ANALYSIS 140
6 Transfer and Trace Evidence 146
INTRODUCTION 146
TRANSFER AND TRACE EVIDENCE: NATURE, DIFFERENCES,DIVERSITY, OCCURRENCE 147
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF TRACE AND TRANSFER EVIDENCE 150
LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS OF TRANSFER AND TRACE EVIDENCE 159
7 Glass and Soil 168
INTRODUCTION 168
GLASS 168
SOIL 180
8 Fibers and Hairs 192
INTRODUCTION 192
FIBERS 192
HAIRS 205
COLLECTION OF FIBER AND HAIR EVIDENCE 209
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF FIBERS AND HAIRS 212
9 Blood 230
INTRODUCTION 230
THE NATURE OF BLOOD 231
RECONSTRUCTIONS FROM BLOODSTAIN PATTERNS AND CHARACTERISTICS 233
INDIVIDUALIZING CHARACTERISTICS OF BLOOD 233
RULES OF INHERITANCE 241
COLLECTION, PRESERVATION, AND PACKAGING OF BLOOD EVIDENCE 244
LABORATORY EXAMINATION AND INTERPRETATION OF BLOODSTAIN EVIDENCE 246
IDENTIFICATION OF BLOOD 246
10 Body Fluids 264
INTRODUCTION 264
ABO-BLOOD-GROUP SUBSTANCES IN BODY FLUIDS—SECRETOR SYSTEM 265
COLLECTION, PACKAGING, AND PRESERVATION OF EVIDENCE 266
EVIDENCE COLLECTION IN SEXUAL ASSAULT CASES 267
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SEMEN AND SEMINAL STAINS 269
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF SALIVA AND SALIVA STAINS 277
LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF OTHER BODY FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS 278
11 Physical Patterns 284
INTRODUCTION 284
PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN IDENTIFICATION 285
PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN INDIVIDUALIZATION 286
PHYSICAL PATTERNS IN RECONSTRUCTION 294
DOCUMENTATION, COLLECTION, AND PRESERVATION OF PATTERN EVIDENCE 319
LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF PHYSICAL PATTERN EVIDENCE 324
12 Fingerprints and Other Patterns forPersonal Identification 330
INTRODUCTION 330
FINGERPRINTS 331
OTHER PAPILLARY OR FRICTION RIDGE PATTERNS 352
ODONTOLOGICAL PATTERNS 353
VOICEPRINT INDIVIDUALIZATION 354
MISCELLANEOUS PATTERNS FOR HUMAN IDENTIFICATION AND INDIVIDUALIZATION 356
13 Questioned Document Examination 360
INTRODUCTION 360
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF DOCUMENT EVIDENCE 362
WRITING INSTRUMENTS AND MATERIALS 362
HANDWRITING COMPARISON 366
MECHANICAL IMPRESSIONS 370
RECONSTRUCTIONS 376
14 Toolmarks and Firearms 383
INTRODUCTION 383
TOOLMARK COMPARISON 384
FUNDAMENTALS OF FIREARMS 388
COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF FIREARMS EVIDENCE 398
FIREARMS COMPARISON 399
RECONSTRUCTION IN SHOOTING CASES AND GUNSHOT RESIDUE ANALYSIS 404
NUMBER RESTORATIONS 408
Appendixes 413
1 Scientific Measurement—Metric System 413
2 General Crime-Scene Procedure 415
INTRODUCTION 415
PROTECTION OF THE SCENE 415
RECOGNITION 418
DOCUMENTATION 418
SEARCHES 419
COLLECTION 423
MARKING OF EVIDENCE 423
PACKAGING 424
TRANSPORTATION 425
3 Fundamentals of Photography 426
INTRODUCTION 426
LIGHT AND LIGHTING 427
LENSES 428
FILM AND ELEMENTARY PHOTOGRAPHIC CHEMISTRY 432
FILM SPEED, GRAIN SIZE, AND CONTRAST 435
THE CAMERA 437
CONTROL OF EXPOSURE 438
THE CAMERA—VIEWING AND FOCUSING SYSTEMS 442
EXPOSURE DETERMINATION METHODS 444
COLOR PHOTOGRAPHY 446
CONCLUSION 448
INDEX 451