Chapter 1 The sources of digital evidence 1
The computer 1
Networks 12
Some problem areas 16
Concluding remarks 19
Chapter 2 The characteristics of electronic evidence in digital format 21
Introduction 21
Characteristics of electronic evidence 26
Reviewing the intellectual framework 48
Chapter 3 Proof: the investigation, collection and examination of digital evidence 51
Introduction 51
Subject areas of expertise 54
Handling digital evidence 56
Analysis of digital evidence 65
Reporting 79
Future considerations 80
Chapter 4 Authenticating digital data 83
Introduction 83
Issues to be taken into account for the authenticity of electronic documents 87
General considerations relating to authenticity 100
Technical considerations relating to authenticity 102
Organisational characteristics 104
Summary 106
Chapter 5 Mechanical instruments: the presumption of being in order 109
Introduction 109
Problems with software 112
Re-introduction of the presumption 123
Challenging the presumption 126
Concluding remarks 130
Chapter 6 Using graphical technology to present evidence 135
Introduction 135
Basic court technology 136
The effect of using visual evidence 138
Technology 141
Introducing computer- generated animations and simulations into legal proceedings 164
Concluding remarks 167
Chapter 7 The practical management of electronic evidence 169
Australia 170
Canada 194
England & Wales 210
United States of America 232
Chapter 8 Australia 243
Law of evidence 243
Role of experts 245
Electronic transactions and electronic signatures 247
Civil proceedings 249
Criminal proceedings 256
Chapter 9 Canada 265
Introduction: The Canadian legal landscape 265
Civil proceedings 279
Criminal proceedings 286
Chapter 10 England & Wales 301
Types of evidence 301
Civil proceedings 353
Criminal proceedings 403
Chapter 11 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Re-public of China 461
Law of evidence in general 461
Civil proceedings 468
Criminal proceedings 471
Chapter 12 India 477
Law of evidence 477
Jurisdictional issues in India 498
Civil proceedings 501
Criminal proceedings 502
Chapter 13 Ireland, Republic of 507
Hearsay rule 508
Authenticity 509
Proposed reforms 510
Civil proceedings 511
Criminal proceedings 518
Chapter 14 New Zealand 539
Evidence 540
Expert witnesses 572
Civil proceedings 574
Privilege 583
Criminal proceedings 586
Chapter 15 Scotland 599
The Scottish legal system 599
The Scots law of evidence 602
Civil proceedings 612
Practical constraints 634
Conclusion 635
Chapter 16 Singapore 637
Admissibility of evidence 637
Civil proceedings 656
The use of forensic tools and the role of experts 664
Criminal proceedings 665
Chapter 17 South Africa 675
Introduction 675
Civil proceedings 694
Criminal proceedings 699
Conclusion 702
Chapter 18 Unites States of America 703
Admissibility 703
Authentication 703
Hearsay 706
Civil proceedings 710
Criminal proceedings 726
Evidence from other jurisdictions 733
Concluding remarks 736
Appendix 1 Selected list of sources 737
Appendix 2 Sedona Conference Guidelines 747
Appendix 3 Commonwealth Draft Model Law on Electronic Evidence 755
Index 759