Introduction 1
The Court 3
Theoretical Perspective 4
Conundrums 9
1 River of Justice 14
Law: Divine, Natural, and Positive 15
International Humanitarian and Criminal Law 19
Swelling Streams of Justice 29
End of the Cold War and Resurfacing of Interest in an ICC 37
Explaining the Gathering Tide 39
2 Learning from the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals 42
The Tribunals' Mandates 43
Organization and Leadership 45
Tribunal Tribulations 48
Operational and Legal Innovations 58
Constructivism, Realism, Neoliberal Institutionalism 65
3 The Statute - Justice versus Sovereignty 68
Brief Negotiating History 69
The Preamble: Sovereignty, Perfectibility, and Identity 72
The Crimes 74
Taking Sovereignty Seriously 77
Old and New Justice Paradigms in the Statute 85
Why Do States Join? 89
Conclusions 92
Appendix 3A: Preamble of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court 92
Appendix 3B: Rome Statute Crimes 93
4 Building the Court 102
From Statute to Court 104
Cranking Up the Engine 109
Internal Frictions 120
New Justice Innovations 128
Coordination and Planning 134
Conclusions 141
5 NGOs - Advocates, Assets, Critics, and Goads 144
International Relations Theory and NGOs 145
Growth of NGO Involvement 146
NGOs and the Statute 147
Advocacy, Advice, and Outreach 151
The NGOs and ICC Operations 155
The Evolving NGO-ICC Relationship 160
Conclusions 163
6 ICC-State Relations 165
The Court's Supporters and Opponent(s) 167
States' Policy Oversight 181
Stateside Complementarity: Cooperating with the Court 189
Conclusions 192
7 The First Situations 194
Uganda 195
Congo 210
Sudan 226
The Central African Republic 242
Other Possible Situations 244
Conclusions 245
8 Conclusions: The Politics of the International Criminal Court 248
Mandate 248
Structure 249
Operations 250
NGOs 253
States 254
The Situations 255
Building Justice 257
Web Sites for Further and Ongoing Information 261
Bibliography and Sources 263
Index 293