CHAPTER 1THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM 3
1.1 Composition of Concrete 3
1.2 Functions of the Paste and Aggregate 4
1.3 General Pportions of Ordinary Concretes 5
1.4 Inuence of Quality of Paste upon Properties of Concrete 7
1.5 Concrete Making 7
CHAPTER2 CONCRETE-MAKING MATERIALS—PORTLAND CEMENT 10
2.1 Cementing Materials 10
2.2 Portland Cement 10
2.3 Manufacture of Portland Cement 11
2.4 Elementa Composition of Cement 13
2.5 Compound Composition of Cement 14
2.6 Inuence of Composition upon Characteristics of Portland Cement 16
2.7 Inuence of Cement on Durability of Concrete 17
2.8 High-early-strength Cement 18
2.9 Fineness of Cement 19
2.10 Setting and Hardening 22
2.11 Soundness 24
2.12 Strength 25
2.13 Heat of Hydration 26
2.14 Current Types of Portland Cement 30
2.15 Acceptance Tests and Specification Requirements 30
2.16 Slag Cements 30
2.17 Poland Blast-furnace-slag Cement 30
2.18 Mason Cements 31
CHAPTER 3 AGGBEoATEs 33
3.1 Preliminary Remarks 33
3.2 General Characteristics 34
8.3 Data Needed for Proportioning Mixtures 35
3.4 Specic Gravity 37
3.5 Unit Weight and Voids 39
3.6 Moisture and Absorption 45
3.7 Gradation 47
3.8 Sieve Analyses 48
3.9 Grading Charts 53
8.10 Maximum Size of Aggregate 54
3.11 Grading Requirements 56
3.12 Quality Requirements 58
3.13 Deleterious Substances 58
3.14 Reactive Aggregates 60
3.15 Handling and Storing Aggregates 63
CHAPTER 4 WATER， ADMIXTURES， AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS 65
4.1 Mixing Water 65
4.2 Water for Washing Aggregates 66
4.3 Water for Curing Concrete 66
4.4 Types of Admixtures 66
4.5 Workability Admixtures 67
4.6 Air-entraining Agents 68
4.7 Gas-forming Agents 70
4.8 Accelerators and Antifreeze Agents 70
4.9 Retarders 72
4.10 Pozzolanic Materials 72
4.11 Curing Aids 73
4.12 Miscellaneous Materials 74
4.13 Steel Reinforcement 74
CHAPTER 5 PROPERTIES OF FRESH CONCRETE 76
5.1 Workability and Consistency 76
5.2 Measures of Consistency: The Slump， Flow， and Ball Tests 77
5.3 Measure of Workability: The Remolding Test 81
5.4 Bleeding， or Water Gain 83
5.5 Preset Subsidence， or Setting Shrinkage 83
5.6 Eect of Entrained Air on Properties of Fresh Concrete 84
5.7 Measurement of Entrained Air in Fresh Concrete 84
5.8 Unit Weight， Cement Content， and Yield of Fresh Concrete 86
5.9 Determination of Composition of Fresh Concrete 87
5.10 Temperature of Fresh Concrete 88
5.11 Stiening and Set of Fresh Concrete 88
5.12 Lateral Pressure of Fresh Concrete on Forma 89
CHAPTER 6 PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE M1XES 91
6.1 General 91
6.2 Methods of Expressing Proportions 92
6.3 Review of Aggregate-Paste Relationships 94
6.4 Variables in Proportioning 96
6.5 Trial Method of Proportioning 97
6.6 Mix Adjustments 101
6.7 ACI Method of Proportioning 102
6.8 ACI Method for Small Jobs 109
6.9 Arbitrary Proportions 110
6.10 Proportioning by Maximum Density of Aggregate 111
6.11 Proportioning by Surface Area of Aggregate 112
6.12 Proportioning by Fineness Modulus of Aggregat 112
6.13 Proportioning by Voids-Cement Ratio and Mortar Voids 114
CHAPTER 7 MANUFACTURE OF CONCRETEBatching 118
7.1 Batching 118
7.2 Weight-batching Equipment 118
7.3 Checking Weighing Equipment 121
7.4 Volumetric Batching Equipment 122
7.5 Batching Cement 122
7.6 Irregularities in Batching 122
7.7 Water-measuring Equipment 123
7.8 Mixing 124
7.9 Types of Mixers 124
7.10 Time of Mixing 125
7.11 Mixer Efficiency 126
7.12 Hand Mixing; Retempering 127
7.13 Ready-mixed Concrete 128
7.14 Conveying 129
7.15 Batch Containers 132
7.16 Pump and Pipeline 132
7.17 Pump Sizes 135
7.18 Cleaning the Concrete Pump 136
7.19 Pneumatic Method 136
7.20 Chutes and Belts 137
CHAPTER8 PLACING AND CURING CONCRETE 139
8.1 Preparations for Placing 139
8.2 Placing 141
8.3 Compaction 144
8.4 Hand Tamping 144
8.5 Vibrators 145
8.6 Vibrator Efficiency 145
8.7 Concrete Mix for Vibratory Compaction 146
8.8 Proper Use of Vibration 147
8.9 The Curing Period 148
8.10 Curing Methods 148
8.11 Curing of Pavements and Other Structures 149
8.12 Curing Temperatures 151
8.13 Steam Curing 152
8.14 Concrete Work during Cold Weather 153
8.15 Calcium Chloride in Concrete during Cold Weather 156
8.16 Concrete Work during Hot Weather 157
8.17 Curing in the Laboratory 159
8.18 Removal of Forms 160
8.19 Patching 162
8.20 Prevention of Damage 163
CHAPTER 9 FORMS FOR CONCRETE 165
9.1 Requirements of Forms 165
9.2 Form Pressures 165
9.3 Form Ties 167
9.4 Construction of Forms 169
9.5 Metal Forms 169
9.6 Oiling of Forms 169
9.7 Absorptive Form Linings 170
9.8 Precast Concrete Forms 170
9.9 Plaster Waste Molds 171
CHAPTER 10 STRENGTH OF CONCRETE 172
10.1 Properties of Hardened Concrete 172
10.2 Resistance to Applied Forces 172
10.3 Strength as a Measure of General Quality 173
10.4 Nature of Strength 173
10.5 Compressive Strength 176
10.6 Tensile Strength 177
10.7 Flexural Strength 178
10.8 Shear Strength 178
10.9 Bond with Reinforcement 179
10.10 Eect of Component Materials 180
10.11 Eect of Proportions 182
10.12 Eect of Curing Conditions 182
10.13 Eect of Loading Conditions 186
10.14 Specimens vs Structures 187
10.15 Eect of Size and Shape of Specimen 189
10.16 Eect of Conditions of Casting 191
10.17 Eect of Moisture Content of Specimen 191
10.18 Eect of Temperature of Specimen 191
10.19 Eect of Bearing Conditions 192
10.20 Eect of Rate of Loading 193
CHAPTER 11 PERMEABILITY AND DURABILITY 197
11.1 Pore Structure of Concrete 197
11.2 Signicance of Permeability 197
11.3 Permeability Tests 198
11.4 Factors Aecting Watertightness 199
11.5 Eect of Water and Cement 199
11.6 Eect of Aggregates M 199
11.7 Eect of Curing 199
11.8 Eect of Admixtures and Coatings 201
11.9 Uniformity of Concrete 202
11.10 Absorption 203
11.11 Deterioration of Concrete 203
11.12 Weathering 203
11.13 Weathering Resistance as Aected by Aggregate， Cement， and Water 204
11.14 Air-entrained Concrete 207
11.15 Freeze-thaw Tests 208
11.16 Reactive Aggregates 210
11.17 Sulfate Waters 212
11.18 Leaching 213
11.19 Chemical Attack 215
11.20 Wear 222
11.21 Restoration of Disintegrated Concrete 224
CHAPTER 12 VOLUME CHANGES AND CREEP 228
12.1 Types of Volume Change in Concrete 228
12.2 Signicance of Volume Changes and Creep 229
12.3 The Gel Structure as Related to Volume Changes 229
12.4 Shrinkage of Fresh Concrete 230
12.5 Autogenous Volume Changes 230
12.6 Factors Aecting Shrinkage and Expansion 232
12.7 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement 232
12.8 Eect of pe and Gradation of Aggregate 235
12.9 Eect of Cement and Water Contents 236
12.10 Eect of Admixtures 238
12.11 Eect of Age at First Observation 239
12.12 Eect of Moisture and Temperature Conditions 239
12.13 Enoct of Duration of Tests 240
12.14 Efflt of Size and Shape of Specimen 241
12.15 Feffct of Absorptiveness of Forms 242
12.16 Eect of Reinforcement 243
12.17 Prepakt Concrete 243
12.18 Thermal Volume Changes 244
12.19 Factors Aecting Creep 245
12.20 Eect of Stress and Age When First Loaded 245
12.21 Eect of Water-Cement Ratio and Mix 247
12.22 Eect of Composition and Fineness of Cement 248
12.23 Eect of Character and Grading of Aggregate 248
12.24 Eect of Moisture Conditions of Storage 249
12.25 Eect of Size of Mass 250
12.26 Creep in Axial Tension and Compression 250
12.27 Creep Recovery 251
12.28 Reinforced-concrete Columns under Sustained Loads 251
CHAPTER 13 OTHER PROPERTIES 254
13.1 Modulus of Elasticity 254
13.2 Methods for Determining Moduli of Elasticity 254
18.3 Eect of Method of Test on Modulus of Elasticity 257
13.4 Eect of Characteristics of Concrete on Modulus of Elasticity 259
13.5 Relationship of Modulus of Elasticity to Strength 261
13.6 Eect of Type of Loading on the Modulus of Elasticity 261
13.7 Sustained Modulus of Elasticity 262
13.8 Signicance of Poisson，s Ratio 262
13.9 Factors Aecting Poisson，s Ratio 262
13.10 Thermal Conductivity 263
13.11 Condensation as Related to Thermal Conductivity 264
13.12 Thermal Properties and Their Relationships 265
13.13 Temperature Rise in Mass Concrete 67
13.14 Cracking of Concrete 271
13.15 Extensibility and Cracking 271
13.16 Thermal Stress and Cracking 274
13.17 Fire Resistance 276
13.18 Unit Weight 278
CHAPTER 14 SPECIAL TYPES OF CONCRETE 280
14.1 Architectural Concrete 280
14.2 Types and Requirements 281
14.3 Preparation of Base 281
14.4 Concrete Mix 282
14.5 Placing and Finishing 282
14.6 Curing and Protection 283
14.7 Surface Hardeners 283
14.8 Use and Limitations 284
14.9 Equipment 285
14.10 Preparation of Base 285
14.11 Sand 286
14.12 Rebound 286
14.13 Mortar Mix 286
14.14 Mixing and Placing 287
14.15 Curing 288
14.16 Characteristics of Mass Concrete 288
14.17 Special Treatment of Mass Concrete 288
14.18 Eect of Temperature and Other Variables on Properties of MassConcrete 289
14.19 Concrete Placed under Water 290
14.20 Vacuum Concrete 292
14.21 Heavyweight Concrete 292
14.22 Lightweight Concrete 293
14.23 Grouting without Pressure 295
14.24 Pressure Grouting 296
14.25 Grouted Concrete 297
CHAPTER 15 INSPECTION 299
15.1 Need for and Scope of Inspection 299
15.2 Inspection Organization 300
15.3 Qualications of the Inspector 301
15.4 Responsibility 302
15.5 Inspector Training 302
15.6 Relations with Superior Oicers 303
15.7 Relations with the Contractor 303
15.8 Authority of the Inspector 305
15.9 Specication Is Inspector，s Guide 306
15.10 Inspection before Concreting 306
15.11 Inspection of Concreting 307
15.12 Inspection after Concreting 307
15.13 Concrete Samples for Tests 307
15.14 Molding Specimens 308
15.15 Storing and Shipping Specimens 308
15.16 The Field Laboratory 309
CHAPTER 16 INSPECTION RECORDS AND REPORTS 312
16.1 General Comments 312
16.2 Batching and Mixing Record 313
16.3 Record of Materials 313
16.4 Record of Placing and Curing 314
16.5 Daily Reports 314
16.6 Diary 315
16.7 Photographs 315
16.8 Summary Report 316
CHAPTER 17 ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF DATA 318
17.1 The Problem of Transmission of Information 318
17.2 Variations in Data 319
17.3 Grouping of Data 319
17.4 Central Tendency 321
17.5 Dispersion 321
17.6 Probable Error 323
17.7 Limits of Uncertainty of an Observed Average 325
17.8 Number of Tests to Obtain a Desired Accuracy 327
17.9 Signicant Figures to Retain in Presenting Test Results 327
17.10 Statistical Summaries 328
17.11 Tables 328
17.12 Figures 329
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS 335
Test 1 Normal Consistency and Time of Set of Portland Cement 338
2.Strength of Type I Portland Cement and Type III High-early-strengthCement Mortars at Various Ages 341
3.Effect of Curing Conditions upon Compressive Strength of Portland-cement Mortars 345
4.Sieve Analysis of Concrete Aggregates 347
5.Specic Gravity， Unit Weight， Moisture Content and Absorption ofConcrete Aggregates 350
6.Characteristics of Fresh Concrete 356
7.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength and Con-sistency of Concrete of Uniform Mix 359
8.Effect of Water-Cement Ratio upon Compressive Strength CementFactor， and Cost of Concrete of Uniform Consistency 363
9.Trial-mix Proportioning of Concrete 366
10 Concrete-mix Proportioning by ACI Calculation Method 368
11 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Give Desired Cement Factor or Water-Cement Ratio at Constant Consistency 369
12 Adjustment of Concrete Mix to Produce a Given Change in Con-sistency 371
13 Effect of Capping Materials and End Conditions before Capping uponCompressive Strength of Concrete Cylinders 373
14 Eect of Shape of Test Specimen upon Indicated Compressive Strengthof Concrete 375
15 Demonstration of Entrained Air in Concrete 377
APPENDIXES 379
A Summary of Useful Values 379
B Instructions on Operation of Testing Machines 380
C Procedure for Making the Slump Test 382
D Procedure for Making the Flow Test 383
E Procedure for Making the Remolding Test 384
F Procedure for Batching and Mixing Concrete and Molding Compression-test Cylinders 386
G Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Gypsum Compounds 388
H Procedure for Capping Compression Cylinders with Sulfur Compound 389
1 Selected References and Specications Pertaining to Plain Concrete 391
INDEX 425