PREFACE 17
LIST OF SYMBOLS 21
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1-1 Historical Perspective 2
1-2 Digital and Analog Sources and Systems 5
1-3 Deterministic and Random Waveforms 6
1-4 Organization of the Book 6
1-5 Use of a Personal Computer and MATLAB 7
1-6 Block Diagram of a Communication System 8
1-7 Frequency Allocations 10
1-8 Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves 12
1-9 Information Measure 16
1-10 Channel Capacity and Ideal Communication Systems 18
1-11 Coding 19
Block Codes 20
Convolutional Codes 22
Code Imerleaving 25
Code Performance 25
Trellis-Coded Modulation 28
1-12 Preview 29
1-13 Study-Aid Examples 29
Ploblems 30
2 SIGNALS AND SPECTRA 33
2-1 Properties of Signals and Noise 33
Physically Reatizable Waveforms 34
Time Average Operator 35
De Vatue 36
Power 37
Rms Value and Normalized Power 39
Energy and Power Waveforms 40
Decibel 40
Phasors 42
2-2 Fourier Transform and Spectra 43
Definition 43
Properties of Fourier Transforms 46
Parseval s Theorem and Energy Spectral Density 48
Dirac Delta Function and Unit Step Function 51
Rectangular and Triangular-Pulses 54
Convolution 58
2-3 Power Spectral Density and Autocorrelation Function 61
Power Spectral Density 61
Autocorrelation Function 63
2-4 Orthogonal Series Representation of Signals and Noise 65
Orthogonal Functions 65
Orthogonal Series 67
2-5 Fourier Series 68
Complex Fourier Series 68
Quadrature Fourier Series 70
PolAr Fourier Series 71
Line Spectra for Periodic Waveforms 73
Power Spectral Density for Periodic Waveforms 77
2-6 Review of Linear Systems 79
Linear Time-Invariant Systems 79
Impulse Response 79
Transfer Function 80
Distortionless Transmission 83
Distortion of Audio,Videl,and Data Signals 84
2-7 Bandlimited Signals and Noise 86
Bandlimited Waveforms 86
Sampling Theorem 87
Impulse Sampling and Digital Signal Processing(DSP) 90
Dimensionality Theorem 93
2-8 Discrete Fourier Transform 94
Using the DFT to Compute the Continuous Fourier Transform 95
Using the DFT to Compute the Fourier Series 100
2-9 Bandwidth of Signals 101
2-10 Summary 110
2-11 Study-Aid Examples 110
Problems 115
3 BASEBAND PULSE AND DIGITAL SIGNALING 128
3-1 Introduction 128
3-2 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 129
Natural Sampling(Gating) 129
Instantaneous Sampling(Flat-Top PAM) 133
3-3 Pulse Code Modulation 137
Sampling,Quantizing,and Encoding 138
Practical PCM Circuits 138
Bandwidth of PCM Signals 142
Effects of Noise 143
Nonuniform Quantizing:μ-Law and A-Law Companding 147
V.90 56-kb/s PCM Computer Modem 151
3-4 Digital Signaling 152
Vector Representation 153
Bandwidth Estimation 155
Binary Signaling 156
Multilevel Signaling 158
3-5 Line Codes and Spectra 160
Binary Line Coding 160
Power Spectra for Binary Line Codes 163
Differential Coding 169
Eye Patterns 170
Regenerative Repeaters 171
Bit Synchronization 173
Power Spectra for Multilevel Polar NRZ Signals 176
Spectral Efficiency 179
3-6 Intersymbol Interference 180
Nyquist s First Method (Zero ISI) 182
Raised Cosine-Rolloff Nyquist Filtering 183
Nyquist s Second and Third Methods for Control of ISI 188
3-7 Differential Pulse Code Modulation 188
3-8 Delta Modulation 192
Granular Noise and Slope Overload Noise 194
Adaptive Delta Modulation and Continuously Variable Slope Delta Modulation 197
Speech Coding 199
3-9 Time-Division Multiplexing 199
Frame Synchronization 200
Synchronous and Asynchronous Lines 202
TDM Hierarchy 206
The TI PCM System 211
3-10 Packet Transmission System 213
3-11 Pulse Time Modulation:Pulse Width Modulation and Pulse Position Modulation 213
3-12 Summary 215
3-13 Study-Aid Examples 218
Problems 221
4 BANDPASS SIGNALING PRINCIPLES AND CIRCUITS 230
4-1 Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Waveforms 230
Definitions:Baseband,Bandpass,and Modulation 231
Complex Envelope Representation 231
4-2 Representation of Modulated Signals 233
4-3 Spectrum of Bandpass Signals 234
4-4 Evaluation of Power 237
4-5 Bandpass Filtering and Linear Distortion 240
Equivalem Low-Pass Filter 240
Linear Distortion 242
4-6 Bandpass Sampling Theorem 244
4-7 Received Signal Plus Noise 245
4-8 Classification of Filters and Amplifiers 246
Filters 246
Amplifiers 250
4-9 Nonlinear Distortion 251
4-10 Limiters 256
4-11 Mixers,Up Converters,and Down Converters 257
4-12 Frequency Multipliers 263
4-13 Detector Circuits 265
Envelope Detector 265
Product Detector 266
Frequency Modulation Detector 268
4-14 Phase-Locked Loops and Frequency Synthesizers 273
4-15 Direct Digital Synthesis 281
4-16 Transmitters and Receivers 281
Generalized Transmitlers 281
Generalized Receiver:The Superheterodvne Receiver 283
Zero-IF Receivers 287
Inferference 288
4-17 Software Radios 288
4-18 Summary 289
4-19 Study-Aid Examples 289
Problems 295
5 AM,FM,AND DIGITAL MODULATED SYSTEMS 302
5-1 Amplitude Modulation 303
5-2 AM Broadcast Technical Standards 308
5-3 Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier 309
5-4 Costas Loop and Squaring Loop 310
5-5 Asymmetric Sideband Signals 312
Single Sideband 312
Vestigial Sideband 316
5-6 Phase Modulation and Frequency Modulation 318
Representation of PM and FM signals 318
Spectra of Angle-Modulated Signals 323
Narrowband Angle Modulation 328
Wideband Frequency Modulation 329
Preemphasis and Deemphasis in Angle-Modulated Systems 333
5-7 Frequency-Division Multiplexing and FM Stereo 333
5-8 FM Broadcast Technical Standards 337
5-9 Binary Modulated Bandpass Signaling 337
On-Off Keying(OOK) 340
Binary-Phase-Shift Keying(BPSK) 343
Differential Phase-Shift Keying(DPSK) 344
Frequency-Shift Keying(FSK) 345
5-10 Multilevel Modulated Bandpass Signaling 352
Quadralure Phase-Shift Keying(QPSK) and M-ary Phase-Shift Keying(MPSK) 352
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation(QAM) 355
OQPSK and π/4 QPSK 356
PSD for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK and π/4 QPSK 357
Spectral Efficiency for MPSK,QAM,QPSK,OQPSK,and π/4 QPSK with Raised Cosine Filtering 359
5-11 Minimum-Shift Keying(MSK) and GMSK 360
5-12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing(OFDM) 365
5-13 Spread Spectrum Systems 370
Direct Sequence 371
Frequency Hopping 377
5-14 Summary 377
5-15 Study-Aid Examples 379
Problems 382
6 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 395
6-1 Some Basic Definitions 396
Random Processes 396
Stationarity and Ergodicity 397
Correlation Functions and Wide-Sense Stationarity 401
Complex Random Processes 403
6-2 Power Spectral Density 405
Definition 405
Wiener-Khintchine Theorem 406
Properties of the PSD 409
General Formula for the PSD of Digital Signals 413
White Noise Processes 416
Measurement of PSD 417
6-3 Dc and Rms Values for Ergodic Random Processes 418
6-4 Linear Systems 420
Input-Output Relationships 420
6-5 Bandwidth Measures 425
Equivalent Bandwidth 425
Rms Bandwidth 425
6-6 The Gaussian Random Process 427
Properties of Gaussian Processes 428
6-7 Bandpass Processes 431
Bandpass Representations 431
Properties of WSS Bandpass Processes 435
Proofs of Some Properties 439
6-8 Matched Filters 445
General Results 445
Results for Whits Noise 447
Correlation Processing 450
Transversal Matched Filter 452
6-9 Summary 455
6-10 Appendix:Proof of Schwarz s Inequality 457
6-11 Study-Aid Examples 459
Prblems 462
7 PERFORMANCE OF COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS CORRUPTED BY NOISE 472
7-1 Error Probabilities for Binary Signaling 473
General Results 473
Results for Gaussian Noise 475
Results for White Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception 477
Results for Colored Gaussian Noise and Matched-Filter Reception 478
7-2 Performance of Baseband Binary Systems 479
Unipolar Signaling 479
Polar Signaling 482
Bipolar Signaling 482
7-3 Coherent Detection of Bandpass Biary Signals 484
On-Off Keying 484
Binary-Phase-Shift Keying 486
Frequency-Shift Keying 487
7-4 Noncoherent Detection of Bandpass Binary Signals 490
On-Off Keying 490
Frequency-Shift Keying 494
Differential Phase-SDhift Keying 496
7-5 Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying and Minimum-Shift Keying 498
7-6 Comparison of Digital Signaling Systems 500
Bit Error Rate and Bandwidth 500
Symbol Error and Bit Error for Multilevel Signaling 502
Synchronization 503
7-7 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio for PCM Systems 504
7-8 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratios for Analog Systems 510
Comparison with Baseband Systems 510
AM Systems with Product Detection 511
AM Systems with Envelope Detection 513
DSB-SC Systems 514
SSB Systems 515
PM Systems 515
FM Systems 519
FM Systems with Threshold Extension 522
FM Systems with Deemphasis 524
7-9 Comparison of Analog Signaling Systems 527
Ideal System Performance 527
7-10 Summary 530
7-11 Study-Aid Examples 530
Problems 539
8 WIRE AND WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 547
8-1 The Explosive Growth of Telecommunications 547
8-2 Telephone Systems 548
Historical Basis 548
Modern Telephone Systems and Remote Terminals 549
8-3 Digital Subscriber Lines(DSL) 555
G.DMT and G.Lite Digital Subseriber Lines 556
Video On Demand(VOD) 558
Integrated Service Digital Network(ISDN) 558
8-4 Capacities of Public Switched Telephone Networks 561
8-5 Satellite Communication Systems 561
Digital and Analog Television Transmission 565
Data and Telephone Signal Multiple Access 567
Personal Communications via Stellite 573
8-6 Link Budget Analysis 575
Signal Power Received 575
Thermal Noise Sources 577
Characterization of Noise Sources 578
Noise Characterization of Linear Devices 579
Noise Characterization of Cascaded Linear Devices 585
Link Budget Evaluation 587
Eb/N0 Link Budget for Digital Systems 589
Path Loss for Urban Wireless Environments 590
8-7 Fiber Optic Systems 594
8-8 Cellular Telephone Systems 598
First Generation(1G)--The AMPS Analog System 599
Second Generation(2G)--The Digital Systems 602
The 1,900-MHz Band PCS Systems 605
Third Generation(3G)Systems 605
8-9 Television 606
Black-and-White Television 606
MTS Stereo Sound 613
Color Television 613
Standards for TV and CATV Systems 618
Digital TV(DTV) 622
8-10 Summary 627
8-11 Study-Aid Examples 628
Problems 632
APPENDIX A MATHEMATICAL TECHNIQUES,IDENTITIES,AND TABLES 639
A-1 Trigonometry and Complex Numbers 639
Definitions 639
Trigonometric Identities 639
A-2 Differential Calculus 640
Definition 640
Differentiation Rules 640
Derivative Table 640
A-3 Indeterminate Forms 641
A-4 Integral Calculus 641
Definition 641
Integration Techniques 642
A-5 Integral Tables 642
Indefinite Integrals 642
Definite Integrals 643
A-6 Series Expansions 644
Finite Series 644
Infinite Series 644
A-7 Hilbert Transform Pairs 645
A-8 The Dirac Delta Function 645
Properties of Dirac Delta Function 646
A-9 Tabulation of Sa(x)=(sin x)/x 647
A-10 Tabulation of Q(z) 648
APPENDIX B PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 650
B-1 Introduction 650
B-2 Sets 651
B-3 Probability and Relative Frequency 652
Simple Probability 652
Joint Probabitity 653
Conditional Probabilities 654
B-4 Random Variables 655
B-5 Cumulative Distribution Functions and Probability Density Functions 655
Properties of CDFs and PDFs 658
Diserete and Continuous Distributions 658
B-6 Ensemble Average and Moments 662
Ensemble Average 662
Moments 663
B-7 Examples of Important Distributions 665
Binomial Distribution 665
Poisson Distribution 668
Uniform Distribution 668
Gaussian Distribution 668
Sinusoidal Distribution 673
B-8 Functional Transformations of Random Variables 673
B-9 Multivariate Statistics 678
Multivariate CDFs and PDFs 678
Bivariate Statistics 680
Ganssian Bivariate Distribution 681
Multivariate Functional Transformation 682
Central Limit Theorem 684
Problems 686
APPENDIX C STANDARDS AND TERMINOLOGY FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 692
C-1 Codes 692
Bandot 692
ASCII 692
C-2 DTE/DCE and Ethernet Interface Standards 693
Universal Serial Bus(USB) 695
RS-232D,RS-422A,RS-449,and RS-530 Interfaces 695
Centronics Parallel Interface 696
IEEE-488 Parallel Interface 697
Ethernet(IEEE 802.3)Interface 698
C-3 The ISO OSI Network Model 700
C-4 Data Link Control Protocols 703
TCP/IP 703
SDLC 703
HDLC 704
CCITT X.25 Protocol 704
Asynchronous Transfer Mode(ATM) 705
C-5 Modem Standards 706
APPENDIXD USING MATLAB 713
D-1 Quick Start for Running M-Files 713
D-2 Programming in MATLAB 714
REFERENCES 716
ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS 729
INDEX 735