PART I. UNDERSTANDING DISASTER 1
Chapter 1. Overview 3
The Question 5
Unacceptable Damage 6
Acceptability-A Broader View 8
A Flawed Approach 11
Focus of the Book 14
Notes 15
Chapter 2. The Physical Effects of Nuclear Weapons 17
Description 18
Notes 30
PART II. LIMITED NUCLEAR WAR: MILITARY TARGETS 33
Chapter 3. National Consequences 35
The Concept 35
An Attack Scenario 39
Casualties 41
Economic Impacts 48
Food Supply and Distribution 50
Medical Implications 62
Political and Social Implications 65
Perspective 75
Notes 78
Chapter 4. Massachusetts: A Case Study 83
Casualties 83
Economic Impacts 85
Food Supply and Distribution 86
Electricity and Fuel Oil 87
Medical Care 88
Social Impacts 88
Perspective 89
Notes 90
PART III. FULL-SCALE NUCLEAR WAR: CIVILIAN TARGETS 91
Chapter 5. National Economic and Population Damage 93
Methodology 93
Industrial Destruction and Casualties 102
Population Losses 118
Post-Attack Economic Recovery 133
Perspective 137
Notes 138
Chapter 6. A Widening Gyre: Food, Energy, Medical Care, and Higher Education 143
Food Production 143
Energy 161
Medical Care 172
Higher Education 179
Perspective 183
Notes 188
Chapter 7. Slouching Toward Bethlehem: Psychological, Social, Political, and Institutional Effects 191
Differing Effects of Large- and Small-Scale Disasters 193
Nuclear and Conventional Bombing: Contrast and Similarities 197
Psychological Effects of Nuclear War 200
Social Disorganization and Strategic Warfare 207
Antagonism and Hostility 221
Disruption of Political Authority 223
Evacuation-Lessons to be Learned 230
Long-Term Social Costs: A Changing Mind-Set 238
Perspective 239
Notes 241
Chapter 8. Massachusetts: Regional Effects 245
Casualties 250
Economic Impacts 259
Food Production 261
Energy Supply 267
Medical Care 278
Higher Education 285
Perspective 285
Notes 287
Chapter 9. Evacuation: Can the Center Hold? 291
Economic Effects 293
Social Disruption 301
Ethical Choices 303
Evacuation and Preparedness 304
Perspective 306
Notes 307
Chapter 10. Vulnerability of the Soviet Union 309
Effective U.S. Retaliation 317
Selected Attacks 326
Civil Defense Effectiveness 333
Perspective 339
Notes 339
PART IV. SUMMARY 343
Chapter 11. Epilogue as Prologue: Some Observations 345
Prologue 353
Notes 358
APPENDIXES 359
Appendix A. Three Mile Island: A Contemporary Case Study 361
The Setting 362
Evacuation 362
Distrust 364
Demands on Society 366
Psychological Impacts 369
Nuclear Imagery 371
Perspective 372
Notes 375
Appendix B. U.S. Urban Population Vulnerability 377
Section A-Vulnerability of Urban Areas to Nuclear Attack 377
Section B-Nationwide Urban Fatalities from Different Nuclear Attacks 379
Index 413