《The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol.2》PDF下载

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  • 作  者:
  • 出 版 社:世界图书出版公司北京公司
  • 出版年份:2004
  • ISBN:7506272482
  • 页数:552 页
图书介绍:For some forty years Richard P. Feynman focussed his curiosity on the mysterious workings of the physical world, and bent his intellect to searching out the order in its chaos. Now, he has given two years of his ability and his energy to his Lectures on Physics for beginning students. For them he has distilled the essence of his knowledge, and has created in terms they can hope to grasp a picture of the physicist's universe. To his lectures he has brought the brilliance and clarity of his though

CHAPTER 1. ELECTROMAGNETISM 1

1-1 Electrical forces 1

1-2 Electric and magnetic fields 3

1-3 Characteristics of vector fields 4

1-4 The laws of electromagnetism 5

1-5 What are the fields? 9

1-6 Electromagnetism in science and technology 10

CHAPTER 2. DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS OF VECTOR FIELDS 13

2-1 Understanding physics 13

2-2 Scalar and vector fields—T and h 14

2-3 Derivatives of fields—the gradient 16

2-4 The operator 18

2-5 Operations with 19

2-6 The differential equation of heat flow 20

2-7 Second derivatives of vector fields 21

2-8 Pitfalls 23

CHAPTER 3. VECTOR INTEGRAL CALCULUS 25

3-1 Vector integrals; the line integral of 25

3-2 The flux of a vector field 26

3-3 The flux from a cube; Gauss' theorem 28

3-4 Heat conduction; the diffusion equation 30

3-5 The circulation of avector field 32

3-6 The circulation around a square;Stokes' theorem 33

3-7 Curl-free and divergence-free fields 34

3-8 Summary 35

CHAPTER 4. ELECTROSTATICS 37

4-1 Statics 37

4-2 Coulomb's law; superposition 38

4-3 Electric potential 40

4-4 E=-?φ 42

4-5 The flux of E 43

4-6 Gauss' law; divergence of E 45

4-7 Field of a sphere of charge 46

4-8 Fieldlines; equiporential surfaces 47

CHAPTER 5. APPLICATION OF GAUSS' LAW 49

5-1 Electrostatics is Gauss's law plus... 49

5-2 Equilibrium in an electrostatic field 49

5-3 Equilibrium with conductors 50

5-4 Stability of atoms 51

5-5 The field of a line charge 51

5-6 A sheet of charge; two sheets 52

5-7 A sphere of charge; a spherical shell 52

5-8 Is the field of a point charge exactly 1/ r2? 53

5-9 The fields of a conductor 55

5-10 The field in a cavity of a conductor 56

CHAPTER 6. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES 59

6-1 Equations of the electrostatic potential 59

6-2 The electric dipole 60

6-3 Remarks on vector equations 62

6-4 The dipole potential as a gradient 62

6-5 The dipole approximation for an arbitrary distribution 64

6-6 The fields of charged conductors 66

6-7 The method of images 66

6-8 A point charge near a conducting plane 67

6-9 A point charge near a conducting sphere 68

6-10 Condensers; parallel plates 69

6-11 High-voltage breakdown 71

6-12 The field-emission microscope 72

CHAPTER 7. THE ELECTRIC FIELD IN VARIOUS CIRCUMSTANCES (Continued) 73

7-1 Methods for finding the electrostatic fleld 73

7-2 Two-dimensional fields; functions of the complex variable 74

7-3 Plasma oscillations 77

7-4 Colloidal particles in an electrolyte 80

7-5 The electrostatic field of a grid 82

CHAPTER 8. ELECTROSTATIC ENERGY 85

8-1 The electrostatic energy of charges. A uniform sphere 85

8-2 The energy of a condenser. Forces on charged conductors 86

8-3 The electrostatic energy of an ionic crystal 88

8-4 Electrostatic energy in nuclei 90

8-5 Energy in the electrostatic field 93

8-6 The energy of a point charge 96

CHAPTER 9. ELECTRICITY IN THE ATMOSPHERE 97

9-1 The electric potential gradient of the atmosphere 97

9-2 Electric currents in the atmosphere 98

9-3 Origin of the atmospheric currents 100

9-4 Thunderstorms 101

9-5 The mechanism of charge separation 103

9-6 Lightning 106

CHAPTER 10. DIELECTRICS 109

10-1 The dielectric constant 109

10-2 The polarization vector P 110

10-3 Polarization charges 111

10-4 The electrostatic equations with dielectrics 114

10-5 Fields and forces with dielectrics 115

CHAPTER 11. INSIDE DIELECTRICS 119

11-1 Molecular dipoles 119

11-2 Electronic polarization 119

11-3 Polar molecules; orientation polarization 121

11-4 Electric fields in cavities of a dielectric 123

11-5 The dielectric constant of liquids; the Clausius-Mossotti equation 124

11-6 Solid dielectrics 126

11-7 Ferroelectricity; BaTiO3 126

CHAPTER 12. ELECTROSTATIC ANALOGS 131

12-1 The same equations have the same solutions 131

12-2 The flow of heat; a point source near an infinite plane boundary 132

12-3 The stretched membrane 135

12-4 The diffusion of neutrons; a uniform spherical source in a homogeneous medium 136

12-5 Irrotational fluid flow; the flow past a sphere 138

12-6 Illumination; the uniform lighting of a plane 140

12-7 The “underlying unity” of nature 142

CHAPTER 13. MAGNETOSTATICS 145

13-1 The magnetic field 145

13-2 Electric current; the conservation of charge 145

13-3 The magnetic force on a current 146

13-4 The magnetic field of steady currents;Ampere's law 147

13-5 The magnetic field of a straight wire and of a solenoid; atomic currents 149

13-6 The relativity of magnetic and electric fields 150

13-7 The transformation of currents and charges 155

13-8 Superposition; the right-hand rule 155

CHAPTER 14. THE MAGNETIC FIELD IN VARIOUS SITUATIONS 157

14-1 The vector potential 157

14-2 The vector potential of known currents 159

14-3 A straight wire 160

14-4 A long solenoid 161

14-5 The field of a small loop; the magnetic dipole 163

14-6 The vector potential of a circuit 164

14-7 The law of Biot and Savart 165

CHAPTER 15. THE VECTOR POTENTIAL 167

15-1 The forces on a current loop; energy of a dipole 167

15-2 Mechanical and electrical energies 169

15-3 The energy of steady currents 172

15-4 B versus A 173

15-5 The vector potential and quantum mechanics 174

15-6 What is true for statics is false for dynamics 180

CHAPTER 16. INDUCED CURRENTS 183

16-1 Motors and generators 183

16-2 Transformers and inductances 186

16-3 Forces on induced currents 187

16-4 Electrical technology 190

CHAPTER 17. THE LAWS OF INDUCTION 193

17-1 The physics of induction 193

17-2 Exceptions to the “flux rule” 194

17-3 Particle acceleration by an induced electric field;the betatron 195

17-4 A paradox 197

17-5 Alternating-current generator 198

17-6 Mutual inductance 201

17-7 Self-inductance 203

17-8 Inductance and magnetic energy 204

CHAPTER 18. THE MAXWELL EQUATIONS 209

18-1 Maxwell's equations 209

18-2 How the new term works 211

18-3 All of classical physics 213

18-4 A travelling field 213

18-5 The speed of light 216

18-6 Solving Maxwell's equations; the potentials and the wave equation 217

CHAPTER 19. THE PRINCIPLE OF LEAST ACTION 221

A special lecture—almost verbatim 221

A note added after the lecture 234

CHAPTER 20. SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN FREE SPACE 235

20-1 Waves in free space; plane waves 235

20-2 Three-dimensional waves 242

20-3 Scientific imagination 243

20-4 Spherical waves 246

CHAPTER 21. SOLUTIONS OF MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS WITH CURRENTS AND CHARGES 251

21-1 Light and electromagnetic waves 251

21-2 Spherical waves from a point source 252

21-3 The general solution of Maxwell's equations 254

21-4 The fields of an oscillating dipole 255

21-5 The potentials of a moving charge; the general solution of Lienard and Wiechert 259

21-6 The potentials for a charge moving with constant velocity; the Lorentz formula 262

CHAPTER 22. AC CIRCUITS 265

22-1 Impedances 265

22-2 Generators 269

22-3 Networks of ideal elements; Kirchhoff's rules 271

22-4 Equivalent circuits 274

22-5 Energy 275

22-6 A ladder network 276

22-7 Filters 278

22-8 Other circuit elements 280

CHAPTER 23. CAvrrY RESONATORS 283

23-1 Real circuit elements 283

23-2 A capacitor at high frequencies 284

23-3 A resonant cavity 288

23-4 Cavity modes 291

23-5 Cavities and resonant circuits 292

CHAPTER 24. WAVEGUIDES 295

24-1 The transmission line 295

24-2 The rectangular waveguide 298

24-3 The cutoff frequency 300

24-4 The speed of the guided waves 301

24-5 Observing guided waves 301

24-6 Waveguide plumbing 302

24-7 Waveguide modes 304

24-8 Another way of looking at the guided waves 304

CHAPTER 25. ELECTRODYNAMICS IN RELATIVISTIC NOTATION 307

25-1 Four-vectors 307

25-2 The scalar product 309

25-3 The four-dimensional gradient 312

25-4 Electrodynamics in four-dimensional notation 314

25-5 The four-potential of a moving charge 315

25-6 The invariance of the equations of electrodynamics 316

CHAPTER 26. LORENTZ TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE FIELDS 319

26-1 The four-potential of a moving charge 319

26-2 The fields of a point charge with a constant velocity 320

26-3 Relativistic transformation of the fields 323

26-4 The equations of motion in relativistic notation 329

CHAPTER 27. FIELD ENERGY AND FIELD MOMENTUM 333

27-1 Local conservation 333

27-2 Energy conservation and electromagnetism 334

27-3 Energy density and energy flow in the electromagnetic field 335

27-4 The ambiguity of the field energy 338

27-5 Examples of energy flow 338

27-6 Field momentum 341

CHAPTER 28. ELECTROMAGNETIC MASS 345

28-1 The field energy of a point charge 345

28-2 The field momentum of a moving charge 346

28-3 Electromagnetic mass 347

28-4 The force of an electron on itself 348

28-5 Attempts to modify the Maxwell theory 350

28-6 The nuclear force field 356

CHAPTER 29. THE MOTION OF CHARGES IN ELECTRIC AND MAGNETIC FIELDS 359

29-1 Motion in a uniform electric or magnetic field 359

29-2 Momentum analysis 359

29-3 An electrostatic lens 360

29-4 A magnetic lens 361

29-5 The electron microscope 361

29-6 Accelerator guide fields 362

29-7 Alternating-gradient focusing 364

29-8 Motion in crossed electric and magnetic fields 366

CHAPTER 30. THE INTERNAL GEOMETRY OF CRYSTALS 367

30-1 The internal geometry of crystals 367

30-2 Chemical bonds in crystals 368

30-3 The growth of crystals 369

30-4 Crystal lattices 369

30-5 Symmetries in two dimensions 370

30-6 Symmetries in three dimensions 373

30-7 The strength of metals 30-8 374

30-8 Dislocations and crystal growth 375

30-9 The Bragg-Nye crystal model 375

CHAPTER 31. TENSORS 393

31-1 The tensor of polarizability 393

31-2 Transforming the tensor components 395

31-3 The energy ellipsoid 395

31-4 Other tensors; the tensor of inertia 398

31-5 The cross product 400

31-6 The tensor of stress 401

31-7 Tensors of higher rank 403

31-8 The four-tensor of electromagnetic momentum 404

CHAPTER 32. REFRACTIVE INDEX OF DENSE MATERIALS 407

32-1 Polarization of matter 407

32-2 Maxwell's equations in a dielectric 409

32-3 Waves in a dielectric 411

32-4 The complex index of refraction 414

32-5 The index of a mixture 414

32-6 Waves in metals 416

32-7 Low-frequency and high-frequency approximations;the skin depth and the plasma frequency 417

CHAPTER 33. REFLECTION FROM SURFACES 421

33-1 Reflection and refraction of light 421

33-2 Waves in dense materials 422

33-3 The boundary conditions 424

33-4 The reflected and transmitted waves 427

33-5 Reflection from metals 431

33-6 Total internal reflection 432

CHAPTER 34. THE MAGNETISM OF MATTER 435

34-1 Diamagnetism and paramagnetism 435

34-2 Magnetic moments and angular momentum 437

34-3 The precession of atomic magnets 438

34-4 Diamagnetism 439

34-5 Larmor's theorem 440

34-6 Classical physics gives neither diamagnetism nor paramagnetism 442

34-7 Angular momentum in quantum mechanics 442

34-8 The magnetic energy of atoms 445

CHAPTER 35. PARAMAGNETISM AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE 447

35-1 Quantized magnetic states 447

35-2 The Stern-Gerlach experiment 449

35-3 The Rabi molecular-beam method 450

35-4 The paramagnetism of bulk materials 452

35-5 Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization 455

35-6 Nuclear magnetic resonance 456

CHAPTER 36. FERROMAGNETISM 459

36-1 Magnetization currents 459

36-2 The field H 463

36-3 The magnetization curve 464

36-4 Iron-core inductances 466

36-5 Electromagnets 467

36-6 Spontaneous magnetization 469

CHAPTER 37. MAGNETIC MATERIALS 475

37-1 Understanding ferromagnetism 475

37-2 Thermodynamic properties 478

37-3 The hysteresis curve 479

37-4 Ferromagnetic materials 484

37-5 Extraordinary magnetic materials 485

CHAPTER 38. ELASTICITY 489

38-1 Hooke's law 489

38-2 Uniform strains 490

38-3 The torsion bar; shear waves 493

38-4 The bent beam 497

38-5 Buckling 499

CHAPTER 39. ELASTIC MATERIALS 501

39-1 The tensor of strain 501

39-2 The tensor of elasticity 504

39-3 The motions in an elastic body 506

39-4 Nonelastic behavior 508

39-5 Calculating the elastic constants 510

CHAPTER 40. THE FLOW OF DRY WATER 515

40-1 Hydrostatics 515

40-2 The equations of motion 516

40-3 Steady flow—Bernoulli's theorem 520

40-4 Circulation 523

40-5 Vortex lines 524

CHAPTER 41. THE FLOW OF WET WATER 527

41-1 Viscosity 527

41-2 Viscous flow 530

41-3 The Reynolds number 531

41-4 Flow past a circular cylinder 533

41-5 The limit of zero viscosity 535

41-6 Couette flow 536

CHAPTER 42. CURVED SPACE 539

42-1 Curved spaces with two dimensions 539

42-2 Curvature in three-dimensional space 543

42-3 Our space is curved 544

42-4 Geometry in space-time 545

42-5 Gravity and the principle of equivalence 546

42-6 The speed of clocks in a gravitational field 547

42-7 The curvature of space-time 549

42-8 Motion in curved space-time 550

42-9 Einstein's theory of gravitation 551