Ⅰ．GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 1
Ⅱ．INSTRUMENTATION AND TECHNIQUES OF ELECTROLYSIS 20
Ⅲ．CATHODIC REDUCTION 47
(1)MECHANISM OF CATHODIC REDUCTION 47
(2)REDUCTION OF NITRO COMPOUNDS 49
(3)REDUCTION OF IMINES AND IMIDIC ESTERS 55
Ⅳ．CATHODIC REDUCTION OF CARBONYL TYPE COMPOUNDS 58
(1)REDUCTION OF ALDEHYDES AND KETONES 58
(2)REDUCTION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 68
(3)REDUCTION OF ESTERS 72
(4)REDUCTION oF AMIDES AND IMIDES 73
Ⅴ．MISCELLANEOUS CATHODIC REACTIONS 84
(1)ADDITION OF HYDROGEN TO UNSATURATED COMPOUNDS 84
(2)REDUCTION OF ALKALOIDS 87
(3)REDUCTION OF SULPHUR,SULPHONYL CHLORIDE,AND ARSENIC-CONTAINING COMPOUNDS 88
(4)DEHALOGENATION 91
(5)DESULPHONATION 92
Ⅵ．ANODIC OXIDATION 95
(1)MECHANISM OF ANODIC OXIDATION 95
(2)OXIDATION OF FATTY ACIDS AND THEIR SALTS 96
(a)Mechanism of the Kolbe Reaction 97
(b)Monocarboxylic Acids 102
(c)Mixtures of Carboxylic Acids 104
(d)Branched-chain Acids and Half-Esters 105
(e)Unsaturated Acids 106
(f)Aromatic Acids 107
(g)Substituted Acids 107
(h)Dicarboxylic Acids 109
(i)Acetoxylation,Alkoxylation,and Alkylation 111
Ⅶ．ANODIC OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC,HETEROCYCLIC AND AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 116
(1)OXIDATION OF ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS 116
(a)Alcohols 116
(b)Aldehydes 118
(c)Ketones 119
(d)Sugars 119
(e)Carboxylic Acids 120
(f)Alicyclic Compounds 121
(g)Miscellaneous Aliphatic Anodic Oxidations 123
(2)OXIDATION OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS 124
(3)OXIDATION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS 125
(a)Aldehydes and Ketones 132
(b)Carboxylic Acids 133
(c)Miscellaneous Aromatic Oxidations 135
Ⅷ．ANODIC SUBSTITUTION 142
(1)ANODIC HALOGENATION 143
(a)Chlorination 144
(b)Bromination 151
(c)Iodination 155
(d)Fluorination 159
(2)ANODIC THIOCYANATION 161
(3)ANODIC NITRATION 162
(4)ANODIC ALKOXYLATION 163
INDEX 168