Introduction 7
PART I: The Legal Profession and the Defense of Criminal Cases 11
1. In Defense of Inequality: The Legal Profession and Criminal Defense 13
2. Private Criminal Defense: Reassessing an Endangered Species 39
PART II: Indigent Defense Systems: Characteristics, Alternatives, and Relative Benefits 65
3. The Public Defender in America 67
4. Indigent Defense Systems: Characteristics and Costs 103
5. Assigned Counsel Versus Public Defender Systems in Virginia: A Comparison of Relative Benefits 127
6. Retained Counsel Versus the Public Defender: The Impact of Type of Counsel on Charge Bargaining 151
7. Effective Utilization of Private Lawyers in Indigent Defense-the Ontario Approach 171
8. Public Counsel for the Defense: The Danish System 195
PART III. The Quality, Effectiveness, and Productivity of Defense Counsel 219
9. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel: Attempts to Establish Minimum Standards 221
10. Defending the Accused: Counsel Effectiveness and Strategies 247
11. Measuring the Productivity of the Public Defender 273
Author Index 303
Subject Index 306
Index of Cases 308
About the Authors 310