PART ONE:PRINCIPLES OF INTERNATIONAL COPYRIGHT 3
1.The Legal Traditions 3
1.1.The Copyright Tradition 5
1.2.The Traditions of Author's Right and Neighboring Rights 8
1.2.1.Author's Right 8
1.2.2.Neighboring Rights 10
2.The Norms of International Copyright 13
2.1.Copyright Treaties 14
2.1.1.Bilateral Copyright Treaties 16
2.1.2.Multilateral Copyright Treaties 19
2.1.2.1.The Berne Convention 19
2.1.2.2.The Universal Copyright Convention 28
2.1.2.3.The WIPO Copyright Treaty 32
2.1.3.Regional Copyright Arrangements 34
2.1.3.1.Inter-American Copyright Agreements 34
2.1.3.2.The European Union 35
2.2.Neighboring Rights Treaties 36
2.2.1.International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention) 37
2.2.1.1.History 37
2.2.1.2.Protection of Performers 38
2.2.1.3.Protection of Producers of Phonograms 39
2.2.1.4.Protection of Broadcasters 39
2.2.1.5.Conditions and Exceptions 40
2.2.1.6.Institutional and Structural Provisions 40
2.2.2.Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva Phonograms Convention) 41
2.2.3.WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty 42
2.2.4.Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite (Brussels Satellite Convention) 44
2.3.Trade Arrangements 47
2.3.1.North American Free Trade Agreement 48
2.3.1.1.Conditions of Protection 48
2.3.1.2.Subject Matter 50
2.3.1.3.Ownership and Term 51
2.3.1.4.Rights and Remedies 51
2.3.2.TRIPs Agreement 52
2.3.2.1.History 52
2.3.2.2.Conditions for Protection 55
2.3.2.3.Subject Matter,Ownership,and Term 56
2.3.2.4.Rights and Remedies 58
3.Territoriality,National Treatment,and Choice of Law 61
3.1.The Territoriality Principle 63
3.1.1.Territoriality in International Law 64
3.1.2.Territoriality in Copyright Law 65
3.1.2.1.Where Acts of Infringement Occur in More than One Country 66
3.1.2.2.Where Elements of Infringement Occur in More than One Country 69
3.1.2.3.Where Acts Defeating Protection Occur Outside the Protecting Country 71
3.2.National Treatment 72
3.2.1.The Trade Economics of National Treatment 75
3.2.2."Works" Subject to National Treatment 77
3.2.2.1.Berne Convention 77
3.2.2.2.TRIPs Agreement 79
3.2.3."Rights" Subject to National Treatment 80
3.2.3.1.Berne Convention 81
3.2.3.2.TRIPs Agreement 84
3.2.4.Most-Favored-Nation Requirement 84
3.2.4.1."Works" Subject to Most-Favored-Nation Requirement 85
3.2.4.2."Rights" Subject to Most-Favored-Nation Requirement 86
3.2.4.3.Exemptions from Coverage 87
3.3.Choice of Forum and Choice of Law 89
3.3.1.Choice of Forum in Copyright Cases with Foreign Elements 90
3.3.1.1.Subject Matter Jurisdiction 91
3.3.1.2.Forum Non Conveniens 95
3.3.1.3.Contractual Choice of Forum 98
3.3.2.Choice of Law in Copyright Cases with Foreign Elements 99
3.3.2.1.Where No Contract Prescribes Applicable Law 99
3.3.2.2.Law of the Contract as Applicable Law 107
PART TWO:PROTECTION OF FOREIGN WORKS UNDER DOMESTIC LAW 123
4.Protectibility of Foreign Works 123
4.1.Protectibility of U.S.Works in Other Countries 124
4.1.1.Copyright 126
4.1.1.1.Berne Convention 126
4.1.1.2.Universal Copyright Convention 133
4.1.1.3.Other Copyright Treaties 135
4.1.1.4.What Treaty Governs? 136
4.1.2.Neighboring Rights 143
4.1.2.1.International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organizations (Rome Convention) 143
4.1.2.2.Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms (Geneva Phonograms Convention) 146
4.2.Protectibility of Foreign Works in the United States 147
4.2.1.Unpublished Works 148
4.2.2.Published Works 149
4.2.2.1.Nationality or Domicile 150
4.2.2.2.Place of Publication 151
4.2.2.3.Presidential Proclamation 152
4.2.2.4.Place of Fixation 153
4.2.2.5.U.N.and O.A.S.Works 154
4.2.2.6.Retroactive Protection for Works Lacking a Point of Attachment 154
4.2.3.Moral Rights and Neighboring Rights 155
5.Protection Under Copyright and Neighboring Rights 157
5.1.Subject Matter 157
5.1.1.Literary and Artistic Works 159
5.1.1.1.Protectible Subject Matter 160
5.1.1.2.Unprotectible Subject Matter 184
5.1.1.3.Formalities 187
5.1.1.4.Fixation 196
5.1.2.Performances,Phonograms (Sound Recordings),Broadcasts,and Other Productions 197
5.1.2.1.Performances 199
5.1.2.2.Phonograms 200
5.1.2.3.Broadcasts 201
5.1.2.4.Formalities 202
5.2.Ownership 203
5.2.1.Original Ownership 205
5.2.1.1.Individual Authorship 205
5.2.1.2.Collaborative (Joint) Authorship 207
5.2.1.3.Collective Works 209
5.2.1.4.Works Made for Hire 210
5.2.1.5.Audiovisual Works (Including Cinematographic Works) 212
5.2.2.Ownership by Transfer 217
5.2.2.1.Limitations and Construction of Transfers 220
5.2.2.2.Formalities and Priorities 225
5.2.2.3.Collecting Organizations 228
5.3.Term 230
5.3.1.Term of Protection Under Treaties and National Law 231
5.3.1.1.Copyright 231
5.3.1.2.Neighboring Rights 236
5.3.2.Comparison of Terms 238
5.3.2.1.Berne Convention 238
5.3.2.2.Universal Copyright Convention 242
5.3.2.3.E.C.Term Directive 243
5.3.3.Retroactivity 245
5.4.Rights 246
5.4.1.Economic Rights 247
5.4.1.1.Copyright 249
5.4.1.2.Neighboring Rights 274
5.4.1.3.Auxiliary Rights:Copyright Protection Systems 281
5.4.2.Moral Rights 283
5.4.2.1.Right of Paternity 285
5.4.2.2.Right of Integrity 287
5.4.2.3.Right of Divulgation 289
5.4.2.4.Right of Withdrawal 290
5.4.2.5.Limitation and Waiver of Moral Rights 291
5.5.Exemptions,Statutory Licenses,and Other Limitations on Exclusive Rights 292
5.5.1.Reproduction and Adaptation Rights 296
5.5.1.1.Private Uses 297
5.5.1.2.Public Uses 300
5.5.1.3.Incidental Uses 304
5.5.1.4.Exhaustion (First Sale) 306
5.5.1.5.Other Exemptions 308
5.5.1.6.Statutory Licenses (Equitable Remuneration) 309
5.5.2.Performance.Broadcast,and Communication Rights 315
5.5.2.1.Instructional and Other Nonprofit Uses 316
5.5.2.2.Incidental Uses 317
5.5.2.3.Cable Retransmission 318
5.5.3.Misuse and Abuse of Copyright 319
5.6.Remedies 320
5.6.1.Coercive Remedies 321
5.6.1.1.Temporary Remedies 321
5.6.1.2.Permanent Remedies 323
5.6.2.Monetary Remedies 325
5.6.3.Criminal Sanctions 327
Appendix 331
A1.International Copyright Relations of the United States 331
A2.Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works [Paris Text,1971] 341
A3.Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works [Brussels Text,1948] 368
A4.Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works [Rome Text,1928] 380
A5.Parties to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works 389
A6.Universal Copyright Convention [Paris Text,1971] 395
A7.Universal Copyright Convention [Geneva Text,1952] 410
A8.Parties to the Universal Copyright Convention (1952),Revised at Paris (1971) 420
A9.WIPO Copyright Treaty [with Agreed Statements Concerning the WIPO Copyright Treaty] 423
A10.Parties to the WIPO Copyright Treaty [Geneva,1996] 432
A11.WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty [with Agreed Statements Concerning the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty] 433
A12.Parties to the WIPO Performances and Phonograms Treaty [Geneva,1996] 445
A13.International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations [Rome Convention] 446
A14.Parties to the International Convention for the Protection of Performers,Producers of Phonograms and Broadcasting Organisations [Rome Convention,1961] 455
A15.Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms of October 29,1971 [Geneva Phonograms Convention] 457
A16.Parties to the Convention for the Protection of Producers of Phonograms Against Unauthorized Duplication of Their Phonograms [Geneva Phonograms Convention,1971] 461
A17.Convention Relating to the Distribution of ProgrammeCarrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite [Brussels Satellite Convention] 462
A18.Parties to the Convention Relating to the Distribution of Programme-Carrying Signals Transmitted by Satellite [Brussels Satellite Convention,1974] 466
A19.Treaty on the International Registration of Audiovisual Works [and Regulations] 467
A20.Parties to the Treaty on the International Registration of Audiovisual Works [Film Register Treaty,Geneva,1989] 481
A21.Buenos Aires Convention 482
A22.Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights,Including Trade in Counterfeit Goods 485
A23.Membership of the World Trade Organization 516
A24.North American Free Trade Agreement,Intellectual Property Provisions 518
A25.E.C.Directive on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs 538
A26.E.C.Directive on Rental Right and Lending Right and on Certain Rights Related to Copyright in the Field of Intellectual Property 545
A27.E.C.Directive on the Coordination of Certain Rules Concerning Copyright and Rights Related to Copyright Applicable to Satellite Broadcasting and Cable Retransmission 553
A28.E.C.Directive Harmonizing the Term of Protection of Copyright and Certain Related Rights 564
A29.E.C.Directive on the Legal Protection of Databases 571
A30.Directive on the Legal Protection of Designs 583
Table of Cases 593
Subject Index 597