1.INTRODUCTION 1
1.Science,Technology,and the International Law of the Space Environment 1
2.Satellite Characteristics,Locations and Uses 2
3.Peaceful Uses of the Space Environment 5
2.THE UNITED NATIONS AND THE REGULATION OF THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT(OUTER SPACE,PER SE,THE MOON,AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES):THE 1967 PRINCIPLES TREATY 12
1.The Genesis of Law for the Space Environment:Role of the UN 12
2.The 1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies:Basic Interlocking Principles 20
3.The Significance of the 1967 Principles Treaty 48
3.INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS:THE 1972 LIABILITY FOR DAMAGES CONVENTION 59
1.Introduction 59
2.Policy Considerations 60
3.The Development of International Space Law Relating to Damages 61
4.Relationship between Articles 3,6,7,9,and 13 of the Principles Treaty and the1972 Liability for Damages Convention 88
5.The Liability for Damages Convention and Compensable Harms 91
6.Conclusion 104
4.PROTECTION OF SPACE FROM CONTAMINATION AND POLLUTION 129
1.Introduction 129
2.Terminology 130
3.Early Concerns 131
4.Environmental Harms and the1967 Principles Treaty 135
5.The 1972 Liability Convention and Environmental Harms 142
6.Applicability of Other International Agreements 144
7.Conclusion 146
5.THE 1968 RESCUE AND RETURN AGREEMENT 152
1.Introduction 152
2.Early Considerations Leading to the Rescue and Return Agreement,1962-1968 153
3.Submissions to COPUOS and to the First Committee in 1962 154
4.COPUOS and the Drafting of the Agreement 158
5.The Terms of the Agreement 170
6.Interpretations of the Agreement 182
7.Conclusion 203
6.THE 1975 REGISTRATION CONVENTION 213
1.Introduction 213
2.Early Interest in Disclosure of Information 215
3.Early Negotiations Leading to the Registration Convention,1962-1968 217
4.COPUOS and the Drafting of the Registration Convention 222
5.Appraisal of the Registration Convention 234
7.THE 1979 AGREEMENT GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES ON THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES(THE MOON TREATY) 246
1.Introduction 246
2.Policy Options 248
3.The Emergence of Concerns for Mankind 251
4.The History of the Negotiations and an Analysis of the Provisions of the Moon Treaty 253
5.The Proposal for a Common Heritage of Mankind(CHM)Principle and its Acceptance 285
6.National Responses to the Completed Treaty 311
7.Conclusion 317
8.AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME,INCLUDING APPROPRIATE PROCEDURES,FOR THE MOON:ARTICLE 11,PARAGRAPH 5 OF THE 1979 MOON TREATY 342
1.Introduction 342
2.An Appraisal of the Reality Impressing Itself on Moon Activity 342
3.Early International Interests in a Legal Regime for the Moon 344
4.The Seemingly Endless Negotiations,1972-1979 348
5.The 1979 Success-The Art of Compromise Prevails 356
6.Appropriate Procedures:International Organization 357
7.Conclusion 360
9.AN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME AND ORGANIZATION FOR THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE SUN AND MOON 364
1.Introduction 364
2.Practical Considerations in the Exploitation of Solar Energy and the Natural Resources of the Moon 366
3.Legal and Political Considerations 375
4.Conclusion 417
10.THE DEFINITION/DELIMITATION OF OUTER SPACE,THE USE OF THE GEOSTATIONARY ORBITAL POSITION,AND THE 1976 BOGOTA DECLARATION:POLICIES AND PROSPECTS 435
1.Introduction 435
2.Early UN Concerns for Definition/Delimitation,1959-1969 438
3.Early Views of Scholars 441
4.The 1967 Principles Treaty and the Definition/Delimitation of Outer Space 443
5.Negotiations between 1967 and 1976 Relating to Definition/Delimitation 444
6.Challenges to the Free and Equal Use of and Free Access to the Space Environment 451
7.The COPUOS Debates from 1977 to the Present 469
8.Current Assessments by Scholars 502
9.Conclusion 521
11.THE INTERNATIONAL LEGAL REGIME FOR THE EXPLOITATION OF THE ORBIT/SPECTRUM RESOURCE:THE ITU AND THE UN 547
1.Introduction 547
2.Meaning of the Term "Use" in the1967 Principles Treaty with Special Reference to the Orbit/Spectrum Resource 548
3.The ITU and the Orbit/Spectrum Resource:General Powers of the ITU 548
4.The Issue of Priority of Rights to Use Radio Frequencies and Orbital Positions 555
5.The 1971 World Administrative Radio Conference for Space Telecommunications,WARC-ST 557
6.The 1977 World Administrative Radio Conference for the Planning of the Broadcasting-Satellite Service,WARC-BS 568
7.The 1979 World Administrative Radio Conference,WARC 579
8.An Assessment of the 1979 Conference and Future Prospects 591
9.Annex Ⅰ.Basic Characteristics to be Furnished in Notices Relating to Space Stations in the Broadcasting Satellite Service 594
10.Annex Ⅱ.Technical Parameters Influencing the Use of the Orbit/Spectrum Resource 594
12.DIRECT TELEVISION BROADCASTING(DTB) 605
1.Introduction 605
2.Policy Issues Affecting Direct Television Broadcasting 607
3.Role of International Institutions 610
4.The UN and DTB:The Record from 1968 to the Present 617
5.Conclusion 704
13.REMOTE SENSING BY SPACE OBJECTS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW 720
1.Introduction 720
2.Remote Sensing Defined 725
3.A Functional Approach to Remote Sensing 727
4.The Emergence of Contending Positions on Remote Sensing 729
5.Factors Influencing Present Outlooks 731
6.The Role of COPUOS,1975-1982 735
7.Conclusion 755
14.THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER SOURCES(NPS)IN OUTER SPACE 765
1.Introduction 765
2.The Identification of Safety Standards by the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee,1978 767
3.The Legal Sub-Committee's Response in 1978 770
4.The Identification of Safety Standards by the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee in 1979 771
5.The Legal Sub-Committee and a NPS,1979 774
6.A NPS and the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee,1980 777
7.The Legal Sub-Committee and a NPS,1980 780
8.The Work of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Committee in 1981 785
9.The 1981 Review of a NPS by the Legal Sub-Committee 787
10.Appraisal of the Present Situation 790
11.Conclusion 801
15.SPACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS(STS)AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS FOR FUTURE ACTIVITIES IN SPACE 811
1.Introduction 811
2.Missions for STS 812
3.COPUOS and the International Implications of STS 815
4.Legal Aspects:International 817
5.Municipal Law Implications of STS 831
6.Conclusion 834
16.CONCLUSION 841
Appendixes 851
1.TREATY ON PRINCIPLES GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES IN THE EXPLORATION AND USE OF OUTER SPACE,INCLUDING THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES,JANUARY 27,1967 851
2.AGREEMENT ON THE RESCUE OF ASTRONAUTS,THE RETURN OF ASTRONAUTS AND THE RETURN OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE,APRIL 22,1968 858
3.CONVENTION ON INTERNATIONAL LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY SPACE OBJECTS,MARCH 29,1972 863
4.CONVENTION ON REGISTRATION OF OBJECTS LAUNCHED INTO OUTER SPACE,JANUARY 14,1975 874
5.AGREEMENT GOVERNING THE ACTIVITIES OF STATES ON THE MOON AND OTHER CELESTIAL BODIES,DECEMBER 5,1979 880
6.BOGOTA DECLARATION,DECEMBER 3,1976 891
7.WHITE HOUSE PRESS RELEASE(DESCRIPTION OF A PRESIDENTIAL DIRECTIVE ON NATIONAL SPACE POLICY) 897
8.THE WHITE HOUSE-OCTOBER 11,1978,FACT SHEET,U.S.CIVIL SPACE POLICY 902
9.CURRENT STATUS OF RATIFICATIONS OF THE FIVE UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION 908
10.STATES BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS WHICH ARE BOUND BY ALL OF THE FIRST FOUR UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION 913
11.EQUATORIAL STATES WHICH ARE BOUND BY THE FIRST FOUR UN SPACE TREATIES AND THE 1973 ITU CONVENTION 914
12.MEMBERS OF COPUOS,1982 915
Index 916
About the Author 932