1 Sources and Historical Development of Roman Law 1
1.1 Divisions of Roman Legal History 1
1.2 The Legal System of Archaic Rome 2
1.2.1 Historical and Constitutional Background 2
1.2.2 The Customary Origins of Roman Law 8
1.2.3 The Law of the Twelve Tables and the Rise of Legislation 12
1.2.4 The Role of Pontifical Jurisprudence 17
1.3 Legal Development During the Late Republic 19
1.3.1 Historical and Constitutional Background 19
1.3.2 Legislation 23
1.3.3 The Development of Magisterial Law-Making 24
1.3.4 The Growth of Legal Science 31
1.4 Law in the Age of Empire 35
1.4.1 Historical and Constitutional Background 35
1.4.2 The Demise of Popular Legislation 42
1.4.3 The Consolidation of Magisterial Law 42
1.4.4 Senatorial Law-Making 43
1.4.5 Imperial Legislation 45
1.4.6 The Culmination of Roman Legal Science 48
1.5 Legal Development in the Later Imperial Era 56
1.5.1 Historical and Constitutional Background 56
1.5.2 The Emperor as a Law-Maker 62
1.5.3 The Law of the Jurists 65
1.5.4 Custom and the Rise of ‘Vulgar Law’ 69
1.6 The Codification of Justinian 70
1.6.1 Historical Background 70
1.6.2 The Goals of Justinian’s Legislative Programme 72
1.6.3 The Code 73
1.6.4 The Digest 74
1.6.5 The Institutes 77
1.6.6 The Novels 78
1.6.7 Concluding Remarks 80
1.7 The ‘Second Life’ or Roman Law： A Brief Overview 80
2 The Law of Persons 85
2.1 Introductory 85
2.2 Status and Capacities of a Person 85
2.2.1 The Institution of Slavery 86
2.2.2 Free-Born Roman Citizens 87
2.2.3 Family Relationship 88
2.2.4 Capitis Deminutio 96
2.3 Marriage 96
2.3.1 The Betrothal 97
2.3.2 Requirements for a Valid Marriage 98
2.3.3 Forms of Marriage： Cum Manu and Sine Manu 101
2.3.4 Matters Relating to Matrimonial Property： Dos and Donatio Propter Nuptias 104
2.3.5 Dissolution of Marriage 107
2.4 Guardianship and Curatorship 108
2.4.1 Tutela Impuberum 109
2.4.2 Tutela Mulierum 114
2.4.3 Curatorship 114
3 The Law of Property 119
3.1 Introductory 119
3.2 Definition and Classification of Res 119
3.2.1 Res in Nostro Patrimonio and Res Extra Nostrum Patrimonium 120
3.2.2 Res Corporales and Res Incor porales 121
3.2.3 Res Mancipi and Res Nec Mancipi 122
3.2.4 Res Mobiles and Res Immobiles 123
3.2.5 Other Classifications of Res 123
3.2.6 Real and Personal Actions and Rights 125
3.3 Ownership 126
3.3.1 Forms of Ownership 126
3.3.2 Acquisition of Ownership 127
3.3.3 Protection of Ownership 148
3.3.4 Limitations on Ownership 153
3.3.5 Joint Ownership 155
3.4 Possession 156
3.4.1 Acquisition， Maintenance and Loss of Possession 160
3.4.2 Protection of Possession 161
3.5 Servitudes 164
3.5.1 Praedial Servitudes 164
3.5.2 Personal Servitudes 168
3.5.3 Constitution of Servitudes 171
3.5.4 Protection of Servitudes 173
3.5.5 Termination of Servitudes 174
3.6 Emphyteusis and Superficies 174
3.6.1 Emphyteusis 175
3.6.2 Superficies 176
3.7 Real Security 176
3.7.1 Fiducia 177
3.7.2 Pignus 178
3.7.3 Hypotheca 179
3.7.4 Termination of Real Security 182
4 The Law of Obligations 183
4.1 Introductory 183
4.2 The Nature of Obligations 183
4.2.1 Sources and Classifications of Obligations 185
4.3 Obligations Arising from Contracts 187
4.3.1 Content and Classification of Contracts 187
4.3.2 Formation of a Valid Contract 190
4.3.3 Defects in Agreement 192
4.3.4 Conditions and Terms in Contracts 195
4.3.5 Contractual Liability 198
4.3.6 Representation 200
4.3.7 Contractual Agreements in Favour of a Third Party 203
4.3.8 Contractual Agreements Involving More Than One Debtor and/or Creditor 204
4.3.9 Breach of Contract 205
4.4 Real Contracts 207
4.4.1 Mutuum 207
4.4.2 Commodatum 209
4.4.3 Depositum 211
4.4.4 Pignus 213
4.5 Verbal Contracts 214
4.5.1 Stipulatio 214
4.6 Literal Contracts 218
4.7 Consensual Contracts 219
4.7.1 Emptio Venditio 220
4.7.2 Locatio Conductio 229
4.7.3 Societas 234
4.7.4 Mandatum 237
4.8 Quasi-Contracts 239
4.8.1 Negotiorum Gestio 240
4.8.2 Solutio Indebiti 241
4.8.3 Other Quasi-Contractual Condictiones 242
4.9 Other Types of Contractual Relationship 244
4.9.1 Contractus Innominati 244
4.9.2 Pacta 245
4.9.3 Donation 247
4.9.4 Suretyship 248
4.10 Obligations Arising from Delicts 251
4.10.1 Furtum 254
4.10.2 Rapina 257
4.10.3 Damnum Iniuria Datum 258
4.10.4 Iniuria 263
4.11 Quasi-Delicts 266
4.11.1 Iudex Qui Litem Suam Facit 266
4.11.2 Res Deiectae Vel Effusae 266
4.11.3 Res Suspensae Vel Positae 267
4.11.4 Nauta， Caupo， Stabularius 267
4.12 Other Forms of Delict 267
4.12.1 Praetorian Delicts 267
4.12.2 Noxal Liability 270
4.13 Termination of Obligations 271
4.13.1 Performance 272
4.13.2 Release 272
4.13.3 Set-Off 274
4.13.4 Merger 275
4.13.5 Novation 275
4.13.6 Delegation 276
4.13.7 Cession 276
4.13.8 Further Modes by Which Obligations Were Extinguished 277
5 The Law of Succession 279
5.1 Introductory 279
5.2 Intestate Succession 280
5.2.1 Intestate Succession Under the Law of the Twelve Tables 280
5.2.2 Praetorian Intestate Succession 281
5.2.3 Intestate Succession in Justinian’s Law 283
5.3 Testamentary Succession 284
5.3.1 Early Forms of Will 284
5.3.2 Testamentum Tripertitum 286
5.3.3 Extraordinary Wills 286
5.3.4 Testamenti Factio 287
5.3.5 Institution of Heirs 289
5.3.6 Substitution 290
5.3.7 Disinheritance 291
5.3.8 Querela Inofficiosi Testamenti 292
5.3.9 Invalidity and Revocation of a Will 294
5.4 Codicil 295
5.5 Acquisition and Administration of the Inheritance 296
5.5.1 Acceptance of the Inheritance 296
5.5.2 Separatio Bonorum 297
5.5.3 Beneficium Inventarii 298
5.5.4 Co-heirs 298
5.5.5 Collatio Bonorum 298
5.5.6 Remedies of the Heir 299
5.6 Legacy 301
5.6.1 Restrictions on Legacies 303
5.6.2 Remedies of the Legatee 304
5.7 Fideicommissum 305
5.8 Donatio Mortis Causa 307
6 The Law of Actions 309
6.1 Introductory 309
6.2 The Legis Actio Procedure 310
6.3 The Formulary System 317
6.3.1 The Course of the Formulary Procedure 324
6.3.2 Extraordinary Praetorian Remedies 330
6.4 Civil Procedure in the Principate Era 333
6.4.1 The Formulary Procedure 333
6.4.2 The Cognitio Extraordinaria 334
6.5 Civil Procedure in the Late Imperial Age 337
6.5.1 Resolving Private Disputes Through Arbitration 341
Bibliography 343
Index 349