1 Introduction 1
1.1 Contents Overview 2
1.2 Notation and Definitions 4
2 The Graphics Rendering Pipeline 11
2.1 Architecture 12
2.2 The Application Stage 14
2.3 The Geometry Stage 15
2.4 The Rasterizer Stage 21
2.5 Through the Pipeline 25
3 The Graphics Processing Unit 29
3.1 GPU Pipeline Overview 30
3.2 The Programmable Shader Stage 30
3.3 The Evolution of Programmable Shading 33
3.4 The Vertex Shader 38
3.5 The Geometry Shader 40
3.6 The Pixel Shader 42
3.7 The Merging Stage 44
3.8 Effects 45
4 Transforms 53
4.1 Basic Transforms 55
4.2 Special Matrix Transforms and Operations 65
4.3 Quaternions 72
4.4 Vertex Blending 80
4.5 Morphing 85
4.6 Projections 89
5 Visual Appearance 99
5.1 Visual Phenomena 99
5.2 Light Sources 100
5.3 Material 104
5.4 Sensor 107
5.5 Shading 110
5.6 Aliasing and Antialiasing 116
5.7 Transparency，Alpha，and Compositing 134
5.8 Gamma Correction 141
6 Texturing 147
6.1 The Texturing Pipeline 148
6.2 Image Texturing 156
6.3 Procedural Texturing 178
6.4 Texture Animation 180
6.5 Material Mapping 180
6.6 Alpha Mapping 181
6.7 Bump Mapping 183
7 Advanced Shading 201
7.1 Radiometry 202
7.2 Photometry 209
7.3 Colorimetry 210
7.4 Light Source Types 217
7.5 BRDF Theory 223
7.6 BRDF Models 251
7.7 BRDF Acquisition and Representation 264
7.8 Implementing BRDFs 269
7.9 Combining Lights and Materials 275
8 Area and Environmental Lighting 285
8.1 Radiometry for Arbitrary Lighting 286
8.2 Area Light Sources 289
8.3 Ambient Light 295
8.4 Environment Mapping 297
8.5 Glossy Reflections from Environment Maps 308
8.6 Irradiance Environment Mapping 314
9 Global Illumination 327
9.1 Shadows 331
9.2 Ambient Occlusion 373
9.3 Reflections 386
9.4 Transmittance 392
9.5 Refractions 396
9.6 Caustics 399
9.7 Global Subsurface Scattering 401
9.8 Full Global Illumination 407
9.9 Precomputed Lighting 417
9.10 Precomputed Occlusion 425
9.11 Precomputed Radiance Transfer 430
10 Image-Based Effects 439
10.1 The Rendering Spectrum 440
10.2 Fixed-View Effects 440
10.3 Skyboxes 443
10.4 Light Field Rendering 444
10.5 Sprites and Layers 445
10.6 Billboarding 446
10.7 Particle Systems 455
10.8 Displacement Techniques 463
10.9 Image Processing 467
10.10 Color Correction 474
10.11 Tone Mapping 475
10.12 Lens Flare and Bloom 482
10.13 Depth of Field 486
10.14 Motion Blur 490
10.15 Fog 496
10.16 Volume Rendering 502
11 Non-Photorealistic Rendering 507
11.1 Toon Shading 508
11.2 Silhouette Edge Rendering 510
11.3 Other Styles 523
11.4 Lines 527
12 Polygonal Techniques 531
12.1 Sources of Three-Dimensional Data 532
12.2 Tessellation and Triangulation 534
12.3 Consolidation 541
12.4 Triangle Fans，Strips，and Meshes 547
12.5 Simplification 561
13 Curves and Curved Surfaces 575
13.1 Parametric Curves 576
13.2 Parametric Curved Surfaces 592
13.3 Implicit Surfaces 606
13.4 Subdivision Curves 608
13.5 Subdivision Surfaces 611
13.6 Efficient Tessellation 629
14 Acceleration Algorithms 645
14.1 Spatial Data Structures 647
14.2 Culling Techniques 660
14.3 Hierarchical View Frustum Culling 664
14.4 Portal Culling 667
14.5 Detail Culling 670
14.6 Occlusion Culling 670
14.7 Level of Detail 680
14.8 Large Model Rendering 693
14.9 Point Rendering 693
15 Pipeline Optimization 697
15.1 Profiling Tools 698
15.2 Locating the Bottleneck 699
15.3 Performance Measurements 702
15.4 Optimization 703
15.5 Multiprocessing 716
16 Intersection Test Methods 725
16.1 Hardware-Accelerated Picking 726
16.2 Definitions and Tools 727
16.3 Bounding Volume Creation 732
16.4 Geometric Probability 735
16.5 Rules of Thumb 737
16.6 Ray/Sphere Intersection 738
16.7 Ray/Box Intersection 741
16.8 Ray/Triangle Intersection 746
16.9 Ray/Polygon Intersection 750
16.10 Plane/Box Intersection Detection 755
16.11 Triangle/Triangle Intersection 757
16.12 Triangle/Box Overlap 760
16.13 BV/BV Intersection Tests 762
16.14 View Frustum Intersection 771
16.15 Shaft/Box and Shaft/Sphere Intersection 778
16.16 Line/Line Intersection Tests 780
16.17 Intersection Between Three Planes 782
16.18 Dynamic Intersection Testing 783
17 Collision Detection 793
17.1 Collision Detection with Rays 795
17.2 Dynamic CD using BSP Trees 797
17.3 General Hierarchical Collision Detection 802
17.4 OBBTree 807
17.5 A Multiple Objects CD System 811
17.6 Miscellaneous Topics 816
17.7 Other Work 826
18 Graphics Hardware 829
18.1 Buffers and Buffering 829
18.2 Perspective-Correct Interpolation 838
18.3 Architecture 840
18.4 Case Studies 859
19 The Future 879
19.1 Everything Else 879
19.2 You 885
A Some Linear Algebra 889
A.1 Euclidean Space 889
A.2 Geometrical Interpretation 892
A.3 Matrices 897
A.4 Homogeneous Notation 905
A.5 Geometry 906
B Trigonometry 913
B.1 Definitions 913
B.2 Trigonometric Laws and Formulae 915
Bibliography 921
Index 1003