CHAPTER Ⅰ CRIMINAL LAW THEORY 1
The Progress of the Professional Literature 5
Outline of a Theory of Penal Law 14
PRINCIPLES 27
CHAPTER Ⅱ LEGALITY—NULLA POENA SINE LEGE 27
Origins 28
Nullum Crimen Sine Lege 35
Analogy, Ambiguity and Vagueness 36
Divergence from the Principle of Legality 48
Treatment of Offenders—Nulla Poena Sine&Lege 55
Non-Retroactivity 58
Politics and Penal Policy 64
CHAPTER Ⅲ MENS REA ： (1) THE OBJECTIVE MEANING OF THE PRINCIPLE 70
The Problem of Defining Mens Rea 70
Mens Rea in Medieval Law 77
Motive and Intention 83
Mens Rea and Personal Guilt 93
CHAPTER Ⅳ MENS REA： (2) INTENTION, RECKLESSNESS AND NEGLIGENCE 105
The Basic Concepts 108
Operative Facts, Evidence, and Reasonableness 117
The CaseLaw 122
The Ethical Rationale 133
Conceptual Problems and Terminology 141
CHAPTER Ⅴ MENS REA： (3) THE THEORY OF NON-MORAL PENAL LIABILITY 146
Holmes’ Theory 147
The "Reasonable Man" as Method and as Standard of Liability 152
The Current Law 158
Summary 163
CHAPTER Ⅵ CRIMINAL CONDUCT—THE EXTERNAL MANIFESTATION OF MENS REA 171
The Basic Concepts 171
The Logic of the Case-Law 180
The Principle of Concurrence 185
Omissions 190
Case-Law on Omissions 201
Possession 206
Policy of Criminal Omissions 208
CHAPTER Ⅶ HARM 212
Role of "Harm" in Penal Theory 212
"Actus Reus" 222
Justification and Excuse 227
Circumstances 237
Tort and Penal Harm 240
CHAPTER Ⅷ CAUSATION 247
Meanings of "Cause" in Various Perspectives 248
Meanings of "Cause" in the Legal Perspective 251
Differences in Causation in Tort and Criminal Law 254
Direct Causation in Homicide 257
Intervening Cause 261
Causation by Motivation 270
Summary 281
Policy and Legal Cause 284
CHAPTER Ⅸ THE SANCTION—PUNISHMENT 296
The Justification of Punishment 297
The Nature of Punishment 309
Sanctions 321
CHAPTER Ⅹ—Appendix STRICT LIABILITY 325
Public Welfare Offenses 327
Strict Liability in Torts 331
Mala in Se—Mala Prohibita 337
Criticism of Practical Grounds of Strict Liability 342
Proposed Substitutes for Strict Liability 351
DOCTRINES 360
CHAPTER Ⅺ IGNORANCE AND MISTAKE 360
Ignorantia Facti Excusat 361
Factual Error and the Ethics of the Doctrine 361
Illustrative Cases 364
Restrictions： (a) Reasonableness of the Error 366
Invincible Ignorance 368
Restrictions： (b) Strict Liability 372
Ignorantia Juris Neminem Exeusat 376
Fact and Law 376
"Ignorantia" 377
Earlier Theories 378
The Rationale of Ignorantia Juris 382
Application of the Rationale of Ignorantia Juris 387
Knowledge of Illegality Inchluded in Mens Rea 392
Petty Offenses 402
Summary of the Principal Problems 408
CHAPTER Ⅻ NECESSITY AND COERCION 415
Basic Distinctions 419
Physical Causation 421
Teleological Necessity 425
Coercion 436
Policy and Punishment 444
CHAPTER ⅩⅢ MENTAL DISEASE 449
The Underlying Issues 455
The Conflict of Perspectives 455
Punishment 458
The Rule of Law 460
The Expert and the Jury 464
The Status of Psychiatry Among the Sciences 466
The M’Naghten Rules 472
The "Irresistible Impulse" Hypothesis 486
The Durham "Product" Rule 500
Amendment of the M’Naghten Rules 519
CHAPTER ⅩⅣ INTOXICATION 529
The Common Law and the Exculpatory Rule 529
"Voluntary Intoxication" 538
Legal Obstacles to Reform 544
Findings of Research on Alcoholism 549
Proposed Legal Reforms 552
CHAPTER ⅩⅤ CRIMINAL ATTEMPT 558
History 558
Rules and Doctrine 574
Preparation and Attempt 576
Competing Theories 579
The Common Law Theory 583
Impossibility 586
Objective Risk 591
Factual Impossibility and the Principle of Legality 594
CHAPTER ⅩⅥ CRIMINOLOGY AND PENAL THEORY 600
TABLE OF CASES 623
SUBJECT INDEX 633