PART ONE&THE WTO INSTITUTION 4
Chapter 1.Institutional Design, Membership, and Decision-Making 4
1.The WTO, The Successor to the GATT 4
2.The Institutional Architecture of the WTO in a Nutshell 6
3.Organization of WTO Meetings 7
4.The WTO Secretariat 7
5.The WTO Law 8
6.Membership of the WTO 20
7.Observer Status in the WTO 24
8.Accession to the WTO 25
9.Withdrawing From the WTO 28
10.Waivers 30
11.Non.Application 31
12.Decision Making in the WTO 32
13.The WTO as an International Actor 35
PART TWO&THE GATT 44
Introductory Remarks to Part Two 44
1.An Overview of Part Two 44
2.The Rationales for the GATT 45
3.The Advent of the GATT 48
4.Overview of the GATT 52
Chapter 2.Quantitative Restrictions 61
1.The Legal Discipline 61
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 61
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 62
Chapter 3.Tariffs 85
1.The Legal Discipline 85
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 85
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 86
Chapter 4.The Most.Favoured Nation Clause （MFN） 137
1.The Legal Discipline 137
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 138
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 140
Chapter 5.Preferential Trade Agreements （PTA） 154
1.The Legal Discipline 154
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 154
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 157
Chapter 6.Special and Differential Treatment 191
1.The Legal Discipline 191
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 191
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 195
Chapter 7.Export Subsidies 208
1.The Legal Discipline 208
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 209
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 211
Chapter 8.National Treatment 221
1.The Legal Discipline 221
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 221
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 223
Chapter 9.Technical Barriers to Trade.The TBT Agreement 262
1.The Legal Discipline 262
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 263
3.The Coverage of the Discipline 263
Chapter 10.Sanitary and Phytto-Sanitary Measures-The SPS Agreement 278
1.The Legal Discipline 278
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 279
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 279
Chapter 11.Government Procurement 315
1.The Legal Discipline 315
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 315
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 317
Chapter 12.Trade and Investment 335
1.The Legal Discipline 335
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 335
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 335
Chapter 13.State.Trading Enterprises 349
1.The Legal Discipline 349
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 349
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 350
Chapter 14.Transparency of Laws, Regulations, and Decisions of General Application 366
1.The Legal Discipline 366
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 366
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 367
Chapter 15.Agriculture 381
1.The Legal Discipline 381
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 381
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 386
Chapter 16.Textiles and Clothing 426
1.The Legal Discipline 426
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 426
3.The Coverage 428
Chapter 17.Anti.dumping 440
1.The Legal Discipline 440
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 440
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 441
Chapter 18.Subsidies and Countervailing Duties 558
1.The Legal Discipline 558
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 558
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 559
Chapter 19.Safeguards 628
1.The Legal Discipline 628
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 628
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 629
Chapter 20.General Exceptions 684
1.The Legal Discipline 684
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 684
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 685
Chapter 21.National Security 725
1.The Legal Discipline 725
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 725
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 726
Chapter 22.Balance of Payments & Exchange Restrictions 740
1.Introductory Remarks 740
2.Balance of Payments （BoP） 740
3.Exchange Restrictions 746
PART THREE.THE GATS 756
Introductory Remarks to Part Three 756
1.The Overview of Part Three 756
2.The Advent of GATS 756
3.Rationales for the GATS 757
4.An Overview of the GATS 759
Chapter 23.Most Favored Nation 772
1.The Legal Discipline 772
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 772
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 772
Chapter 24.Domestic Regulation 788
1.The Legal Discipline 788
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 788
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 790
Chapter 25.Competition.Related Disciplines 794
1.The Legal Discipline 794
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 794
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 795
Chapter 26.Payments and Transfers & Balance of Payments 799
1.The Legal Discipline 799
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 799
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 800
Chapter 27.The Scheduling of Commitments （or Concessions） 802
1.The Legal Discipline 802
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 802
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 802
Chapter 28.Market Access 820
1.The Legal Discipline 820
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 820
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 821
Chapter 29.National Treatment 828
1.The Legal Discipline 828
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 828
3.The Coverage of the Legal Discipline 828
Chapter 30.Additional Commitments, Modification of Commit-ments, New Commitments 835
1.Introductory Remarks 835
2.Additional Commitments 835
3.Modification of Commitments 854
Chapter 31.Safeguards 864
1.The Legal Discipline 864
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 864
Chapter 32.Subsidies 866
1.The Legal Discipline 866
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 867
Chapter 33.Government Procurement 869
1.The Legal Discipline 869
2.The Rationale for the Legal Discipline 869
Chapter 34.General Exceptions and National Security 871
1.Introductory Remarks 871
2.General Exceptions 871
3.The Security Exception 876
PART FOUR&DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 880
Introductory Remarks to Part Four 880
1.Compulsory Third Party Adjudication 880
2.Historical Features of Dispute Settlement 886
3.The Types of Legal Complaints 892
Chapter 35.Sources of Law 905
1.Introductory Remarks 905
2.Sources of Law 910
3.Interpretative Elements 928
4.Concluding Remarks 953
Chapter 36.Consultations and Panel Proceedings 959
1.The Overarching Discipline: No Unilateral Quali 959
cation of Illegality 959
2.Consultations 960
3.The Panel Process 964
Chapter 37.The Procedure Before the Appellate Body 1024
1.The Composition of the AB 1024
2.The Mandate of the AB 1026
3.Sources Restraining the AB's Jurisdiction 1031
4.Who Can Appear Before the AB 1031
5.The Process Before the AB 1035
6.The AB Report 1042
Chapter 38.Alternative Proceedings 1046
1.Alternative Dispute Settlement Proceedings 1046
2.Arbitration Under Art.25 DSU 1046
3.Good Offices, Conciliation and Mediation 1051
4.Dispute Resolution Outside of the DSU 1051
Chapter 39.Enforcement of WTO Obligations 1053
1.Enforcing WTO Obligations 1053
2.The Type of Complaint Matters 1054
3.Recommendations and Suggestions 1054
4.Reasonable Period of Time （RPT） 1061
5.Compliance Panels 1065
6.Compensation and the Suspension of Concessions 1073
7.Compliance Following the Adoption of Suspension of Concessions 1088
PART Ⅴ&THE WTO AND DOMESTIC LEGAL ORDERS 1099
Introductory Remarks to Part Five 1099
Chapter 40.The European Union in the World trade Organization 1100
1.Introduction 1100
2.Where Does International Trade Negotiation Authority Lie Within the EU? 1101
3.What Are the EU's Major International Trade Instruments and How Are They Deployed? 1108
4.Who Represents and Is Responsible for Europe in the WTO? 1119
5.What Is the Role of the European Courts in Interpreting WTO Law? 1124
6.How Is WTO Law Made Effective in the EU and National Legal Orders? 1128
7.International Agreements in the EU Legal Order 1128
8.Member State Compliance With WTO Law 1129
9.Member State Challenges to EU Measures Under WTO Law 1130
10.The Direct Effect of WTO Law in Member State Courts 1132
11.The Direct Effect of WTO Rulings 1136
12.WTO Law's Indirect Effect 1141
Chapter 41.The Reception of WTO Law in the United States 1144
1.Introduction 1144
2.Where Does the Trade Negotiating Authority Lie in the United States? 1145
3.The Role of United States Administrative Agencies and the Courts 1160
4.What Are the United States' Major International Trade Instruments and How Are They Deployed? 1162
5.The Effects of WTO Laws and Decisions in the United States 1180
6.Conclusion: WTO Law in the U.S.Legal Order 1191
Chapter 42.The Reception of WTO Law in Australia 1192
1.Introduction 1192
2.The Source of International Trade Negotiation Authority in Australia 1193
3.Effects of WTO Norms and Decisions in Australia 1195
4.Major Trade Instruments and Their Application 1198
5.Role of Administrative Agencies and the Courts 1204
6.Australia and WTO Dispute Settlement 1205
Chapter 43.Japan in the World Trade Organization 1211
1.Introduction—Japan's Historical Relationship With the GATT/WTO 1211
2.The Institutional Structure in Implementing GATT/WTO Agreements 1213
3.Direct and Indirect Legal Effects of WTO Law in Japan 1216
4.Implementation of Major GATT/WTO Instruments in Japan 1223
INDEX 1229