Introduction 1
1 Legality in Criminal Law, Its Purposes, and Its Competitors 11
2 A Partial History to World War II 46
3 Nuremberg, Tokyo, and Other Postwar Cases 67
4 Modern Development of International Human Rights Law: Practice Involving Multilateral Treaties and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 156
5 Modern Comparative Law Development: National Provisions Concerning Legality 231
6 Legality in the Modern International and Internationalized Criminal Courts and in the UN Trust Territories 303
7 Legality in Customary International Law Today 352
Conclusion: The Endurance of Legality in National and International Criminal Law 404
Appendix A: Chart of Non-retroactivity Provisions in Criminal Law by Nations 411
Appendix B: Legality and Non-retroactivity Provisions as of 1946-47 425
Appendix C: Constitutional and Other National Provisions Implementing the Principle of Legality Today 438
Bibliography 541
Table of Authorities 553
Index 579
Afterword and Update 599